Risk assessment and source analysis of heavy metal pollution in wetland sediments in the northern Yellow River Delta
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摘要:
以黄河三角洲北部湿地39个表层沉积物样品为研究对象，测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As、Hg的含量，对其进行重金属污染风险评价及来源分析。结果表明：８种重金属元素在表层沉积物中平均含量由高到低顺序为：Cr＞Zn＞Ni＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Cd＞Hg, 除As外其含量均低于山东省土壤背景值；沉积物以砂质粉砂为主，重金属元素的空间分布特征相似，可能受到“粒度效应”的影响；基于地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法，揭示了Cd、Hg为研究区主要污染物和重要的潜在生态危害因子；相关分析和因子分析表明，Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Hg可能来源于成土母质、工业活动以及油田开采， Ni、Cd可能来源于农业活动、水产养殖以及油田开采；聚类分析表明，可进一步把Cr单独分为一类；通过因子探测分析发现，黏土含量、TOC和含水率对潜在生态危害指数（RI值）解释力较大，表明其对RI值的影响较大；通过交互作用探测分析可知，任意两个影响因子交互作用后结果为双因子增强或非线性增强，表明复杂的环境加剧了湿地的潜在生态危害。
Abstract:The contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Hg in 39 surface sediment samples collected in June 2021 from the northern wetland of the Yellow River Delta were determined, and the risk assessment and source analysis of heavy metal pollution in the sediments of the northern wetland of the Yellow River Delta were carried out. Results show that the average contents of eight heavy metal elements in the surface sediments of the wetland in the northern Yellow River Delta were in the order of Cr＞Zn＞Ni＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Cd＞Hg, which were lower than the soil background values of Shandong Province except for As. The sediments were mainly sandy silt, and the spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metal elements are similar, which may be affected by the “grain size effect”. The cumulative index and potential ecological hazard index (RI) revealed that Cd and Hg were the main pollutants and important potential ecological risk factors in the study area. Correlation analysis and factor analysis showed that the sources of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, As, and Hg might be soil parent materials, industrial activities, and oilfield exploitation, and the sources of Ni and Cd might be from agricultural activities, aquaculture and oilfield exploitation. Cluster analysis showed that Cr could be placed into separate category. Through factor detection analysis, it was found that clay content, TOC and water content had a greater explanatory power on the RI, indicating that they had a greater impact on the RI value. The interaction detection analysis showed that the interaction of any two influencing factors resulted in two-factor enhancement or nonlinear enhancement, indicating that the complex environment aggravated the potential ecological hazards of wetlands. This study provided a scientific support for the control of heavy metal pollution in wetlands in the northern Yellow River Delta.
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表 1 地累积指数法（Igeo）分级标准
Table 1. Scaling of the land accumulation index (Igeo)
地累积指数Igeo 等级 污染程度 Igeo＜0 0 无污染 0≤Igeo＜1 1 轻度—中度污染 1≤Igeo＜2 2 中度污染 2≤Igeo＜3 3 中度—重度污染 3≤Igeo＜4 4 重度污染 4≤Igeo＜5 5 重度—极度污染 5≤Igeo 6 极严重污染 
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表 2 潜在生态危害指数法分级标准
Table 2. Scaling of the potential ecological hazard index
潜在生态危害单项系数Eir 单个污染物潜在生态风险程度 潜在生态危害指数RI 综合潜在生态风险程度 Eir＜40 轻微生态危害 RI＜150 轻微生态危害 40≤Eir＜80 中等生态危害 150≤RI＜300 中等生态危害 80≤Eir＜160 强生态危害 300≤RI＜600 强生态危害 160≤Eir＜320 很强生态危害 600≤RI＜ 1200 很强生态危害 Eir≥320 极强生态危害 RI≥ 1200 极强生态危害
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表 3 黄河三角洲北部湿地沉积物重金属含量
Table 3. Contents of heavy metals in surface sediments of wetlands in northern Yellow River Delta
项目 Cu Pb Zn Cr Ni Cd As Hg 最小值 7.70 13.20 43.50 45.50 18.00 0.06 5.66 0.01 最大值 28.60 26.80 81.80 75.70 35.00 0.20 14.70 0.03 平均值 17.60 17.70 58.20 59.00 23.40 0.09 9.07 0.02 中值 17.10 18.09 58.17 60.32 24.04 0.11 9.09 0.02 变异系数/% 0.29 0.16 0.15 0.10 0.15 0.31 0.21 0.28 国家一级标准值[23] 35.00 35.00 100.00 90.00 40.00 0.20 15.00 0.15 珠江流域[24] 48.72 63.97 186.60 67.44 – 2.76 49.29 – 长江三角洲[25] 29.94 31.95 86.17 75.39 30.85 0.18 8.30 0.15 莱州湾[26] 19.06 20.30 55.98 60.10 – 0.11 11.72 0.04 山东省背景值[27] 22.60 23.60 63.30 62.00 27.10 0.13 8.60 0.03 东营市背景值[28] 21.00 19.40 62.20 65.50 27.50 0.13 10.30 0.02 注：表中除变异系数外，其他单位均为mg/kg。
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表 4 黄河三角洲北部湿地沉积物中8种重金属含量及其与粒径相关性
Table 4. The contents of 8 heavy metals in wetland sediments in the northern Yellow River Delta and their correlation with particle size
Cu Pb Zn Cr Ni Cd As Hg 砂 粉砂 黏土 Cu 1 Pb 0.74** 1 Zn 0.93** 0.83** 1 Cr 0.50** 0.70** 0.68** 1 Ni 0.42** 0.39* 0.45** 0.26 1 Cd 0.36* 0.52** 0.47** 0.28 0.79** 1 As 0.86** 0.73** 0.88** 0.69** 0.36* 0.28 1 Hg 0.87** 0.85** 0.93** 0.66** 0.50** 0.58** 0.81** 1 砂 –0.67** –0.46** –0.67** –0.29 –0.19 –0.15 –0.62** –0.58** 1 粉砂 0.50** 0.24 0.49** 0.09 0.08 0.02 0.43** 0.40* –0.95** 1 黏土 0.79** 0.76** 0.82** 0.60** 0.37* 0.37* 0.80** 0.77** –0.74** 0.50** 1 注：**表示在p＜0.01水平，相关性显著；*表示在p＜0.05水平，相关性显著。
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表 5 黄河三角洲北部湿地沉积物重金属地累积指数评价结果
Table 5. Evaluation results of heavy metal land accumulation index in wetland sediments in northern Yellow River Delta
Cu Pb Zn Cr Ni Cd As Hg 最小值 –2.03 –1.14 –1.10 –1.11 –1.20 –1.63 –1.45 –1.72 最大值 –0.14 –0.12 –0.19 –0.38 –0.24 0.04 –0.07 0.00 平均值 –0.94 –0.70 –0.70 –0.71 –0.79 –0.95 –0.80 –0.84 标准偏差 0.44 0.22 0.21 0.15 0.21 0.41 0.30 0.39 无污染比例/% 100 100 100 100 100 97 100 97 轻度—中度污染比例/% 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
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表 6 黄河三角洲北部湿地沉积物重金属潜在生态危害指数评价结果
Table 6. Evaluation results of potential ecological risk index of heavy metals in surface sediments of wetlands in northern Yellow River Delta
Eir RI Cu Pb Zn Cr Ni Cd As Hg 最小值 1.70 2.80 0.69 1.47 3.32 14.54 6.58 12.13 47.15 最大值 6.33 5.68 1.29 2.44 6.46 46.15 17.09 40.00 119.36 平均值 3.78 3.83 0.92 1.95 4.44 24.26 10.57 23.11 72.86 轻微生态危害比例/% 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 97 100 中等生态危害比例/% – – – – – 5 – 3 –
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表 7 黄河三角洲北部湿地沉积物中重金属元素因子分析
Table 7. Factor analysis of heavy metal elements in wetland sediments in the northern Yellow River Delta
元素 因子1 因子2 As 0.921 0.117 Zn 0.918 0.305 Cu 0.874 0.248 Hg 0.850 0.431 Pb 0.829 0.364 Cr 0.763 0.094 Cd 0.197 0.940 Ni 0.184 0.879 黏土 0.859 0.208 TOC 0.521 0.447 特征值 5.529 2.394 方差百分比/% 55.293 23.937 累积方差百分比/% 55.293 79.230 注：旋转方法采用凯撒正态化最大方差法。
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