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摘要:
红树林具有多重生态系统服务功能，是减缓和适应气候变化的战略要地，其对未来全球变化的响应可通过重建过去红树林的演化来实现，进而为制定适应不同战略需求的短期/长期红树林保护和修复方案奠定科学基础。本文归纳了红树植物花粉、有机碳氮及其稳定同位素和三萜类化合物等红树林演化示踪指标的优缺点，并对红树林有机碳来源定量判识方法进行了介绍；重点从长时间尺度（晚白垩世以来和全新世以来）和短时间尺度（近百年来和近几十年来）回顾和总结了红树林起源、进化、灭绝、迁移、兴衰和演替等多样化的演化历史；揭示了自然环境（构造运动、海平面、气候和水文环境等）和人类活动（海水养殖、围垦、伐木、工程建设和人工保护修复等）对红树林演化的控制作用；最后提出了未来在深化红树林演化研究领域的关键科学目标。
Abstract:Mangroves provide multiple ecosystem services and are strategic locations for climate change mitigation and adaptation. The response of mangrove forests to future global changes can be understood by reconstructing the mangrove development in the past. Over the years, scholars from different disciplinary fields have conducted in-depth studies on mangrove development and its constraints in different time scales, which has greatly contributed to the development of palaeoecological studies on coastal vegetated habitats represented by mangroves, and laid the scientific foundation for the formulation of short-term/long-term mangrove protection and restoration programs for different strategic needs. We summarized the tracing indicators and key methods of mangrove development in different time scales, reviewed the history of mangrove dynamics at long time scales (i.e., since the Late Cretaceous and since the Holocene) and short time scales (i.e., in the last hundred years and in the last few decades), deeply revealed the controlling roles of changes in natural environments and anthropogenic factors on mangrove forests, and finally proposed key scientific objectives for future research in the field of mangrove development.
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表 1 红树林演化的主要示踪指标对比
Table 1. Comparison of major tracers of mangrove development
示踪指标 所需仪器/方法 优势 劣势 红树植物花粉 显微镜 指代明确，可直接有效地识别红树林的
生长发育和群落演替变化时间成本高，数据存在主观性，对样品的适用性要求严格，不利于高分辨率研究 有机碳氮及其稳定同位素 元素分析仪
同位素质谱仪测试技术成熟，数据获取成本低，
易于推广，适用于高分辨率研究难以进行群落演替研究，指标可能受早期成岩作用影响 三萜类化合物 气相色谱-质谱 不易受早期成岩作用影响，反应灵敏，
适用于高分辨率研究群落指代不明确，实验过程繁琐，测试成本较高 红树林面积/范围 卫星/航空遥感影像 直观性强，指标数据与年代数据对应准确，节约野外成本 难以进行群落演替研究，起步较晚，不适用于长时间尺度研究 
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表 2 红树林埋藏有机碳潜在端元的C/N、δ13C和δ15N端元值
Table 2. C/N, δ13C and δ15N values of potential end-members of buried organic carbon in mangrove forests
潜在端元 区域（样本数） C/N δ13C/‰ δ15N/‰ 参考文献 均值 范围 均值 范围 均值 范围 红树林源 红树林叶片 广西英罗湾（16） 38.2±12.6 20.6～71.9 −28.7±0.8 −29.9～−27.1 10.6±1.8 8.5～14.8 文献[32]，笔者未发表数据 红树林叶片 广西钦州湾（16） 33.3±11.5 20.3～68.1 −28.6±0.8 −30.0～−27.0 12.8±1.9 7.6～15.3 文献[33]，笔者未发表数据 红树林叶片 广西南流江口（26） 48.3±6.4 − −29.6±1.4 − 7.8±1.4 − 文献[48] 红树林叶片 海南文昌河口（5） − − −28.6±1.9 − 3.3±2.2 − 文献[49] 红树林叶片 波多黎各（7） 34.6±11.1 20.1～52.4 −30.5±1.5 −32.2～−28.4 − 文献[50] 红树林叶片 印度尼西亚（4） 33.6±6.3 − −31.7±0.5 − 2.7±0.6 − 文献[51] 红树林枝干 波多黎各（7） 135.5±45.0 82.3～203.8 −26.0±1.6 −28.7～−24.1 − 文献[50] 红树林枝干 印度尼西亚（4） 298.0±22.0 − −29.4±0.4 − 2.0±0.1 − 文献[51] 红树林根系 波多黎各（7） 72.1±18.1 48.6～96.5 −26.0±1.5 −28.5～−24.5 − 文献[50] 红树林根系 印度尼西亚（4） 91.7±16.8 − −29.7±0.6 − 3.0±0.6 − 文献[51] 红树林凋落物 印度尼西亚（4） 69.1±1.1 − −30.5±0.3 − 2.5±0.6 − 文献[51] 陆源 河流沉积物 钦江和茅岭江（7） 12.6±1.85 10.4～16.5 −24.3±0.6 −25.1～−23.3 8.4±0.7 7.3～9.3 文献[32] 河流沉积物 珠江（8） 12.5±2.2 9.8～17.2 −23.9±1.4 −25.6～−21.2 − − 文献[52] 河流悬浮体 钦江和茅岭江（8） 19.0±3.7 11.0～24.9 −25.6±0.3 −26.1～−25.2 0.5±1.2 −1.2～2.6 文献[53] 河流悬浮体 南流江（30） 7.1±1.5 − −26.3±1.3 − 7.5±2.2 − 文献[48] 海岸带坡积物 广西北海（5） 13.3±1.8 10.6～15.8 −20.0±2.4 −23.0～−18.0 8.9±1.1 7.6～10.2 笔者未发表数据 海源 浮游植物 南海北部 6.5±0.1 − −16.1±0.8 − − − 文献[54] 浮游植物 雷州半岛 − − −18.2±0.6 −18.8～−17.7 8.9±1.3 7.6～10.1 文献[55] 浮游动物 雷州半岛 − − −17.7±1.2 −19.0～−16.9 9.1±1.3 8.1～10.6 文献[55] 大型藻类 雷州半岛 − − −15.7±2.8 −20.4～−10.1 10.1±1.3 6.9～11.5 文献[55] 大型藻类 波多黎各（3） 19.0±14.2 6.4～38.8 −17.5±1.1 −18.9～−16.3 − − 文献[50] 大型藻类 广西北海（4） − − −14.8±0.7 −15.7～−13.9 10.1±1.7 8.0～12.6 文献[56] 海草 广西铁山港（19） 27.2±11.9 16.6～51.5 −13.5±0.7 −14.5～−11.7 5.9±1.3 1.9～7.6 邱广龙未发表数据 海草 波多黎各（3） 22.7±1.1 21.7～24.2 −10.2±0.9 −11.1～−9.0 − − 文献[50]
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