Automatic identification of heavy mineral compositions in Zhejiang-Fujian rivers and implications for provenance analysis
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摘要:
沉积物重矿物组成分析是开展物源分析的重要手段之一。然而，常规重矿物人工鉴定存在误差大、统计量小、重复性差等问题，在如何通过重矿物组成揭示物源特征和示踪沉积物源汇过程等方面还具有很大挑战。通过矿物自动定量分析技术TIMA（TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer），本文对钱塘江、椒江、闽江等浙闽流域8条主要入海河流的26个沉积物样品进行了重矿物分析，通过对人工鉴定结果对比及流域地质背景的比较，探讨了TIMA重矿物分析在物源示踪方面的潜力。共分析了
209019 个矿物颗粒，区分出36种不同类型的重矿物。与人工鉴定方法比较，二者对河流主要重矿物类型及其相对含量变化的鉴定结果基本一致，但TIMA耗时更少，鉴别出的重矿物数量和类型更多，且鉴定结果重现性好。TIMA重矿物分析结果表明：浙闽流域主要的重矿物组合为帘石族、角闪石族与铁质金属矿物，其中，绿黝帘石占重矿物百分比高，是浙闽流域的典型重矿物；角闪石族矿物主要为普通角闪石，其次为铁阳起石，含量在不同流域样品间有显著差异；铁质金属矿物百分比在大部分样品中大于40%，含有赤铁矿、磁铁矿、褐铁矿、钛铁矿与自生黄铁矿等矿物。整体上，浙西北、浙东南与闽西北、闽西南、闽东地区出露地层岩性的差异决定了浙闽河流重矿物组成的特征差异。主成分分析表明，磷灰石、角闪石族和榍石的较高正载荷（＞0.88）与主成分1相关，指示了主成分1受岩浆岩源岩的控制；而主成分2与黑电气石、石榴石族和绿泥石的较高正载荷相关，代表了受变质岩源岩的影响。本研究表明，在对重矿物精确性要求较高的研究中利用TIMA等自动矿物识别方法对河流至海域的重矿物进行从源到汇的系统研究更为高效。Abstract:Heavy mineral composition in sediments is one of the primary analytical methods for provenance analysis. However, conventional manual identification of heavy minerals has problems such as large errors, small statistics, and poor repeatability, posing substantial challenges in revealing provenance characteristics and tracing sediment source and sink processes. Utilizing the TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA), we conducted heavy mineral analysis on 26 sediment samples from eight major coastal rivers in the Zhe-Min basin, including the Qiantang River, Jiaojiang River, Minjiang River, and so on. By comparing the results of manual identification and the geological background of the basin, the potential of TIMA heavy mineral analysis in provenance tracing was explored. A total of
209019 mineral grains were analyzed, and 36 different types of heavy minerals were distinguished. Compared with the manual identification methods, the identification results of the two methods for the main heavy mineral types and their relative content changes in the river are largely the same. However, TIMA takes less time, identifies more heavy minerals in quantity and types, and has good reproducibility of identification results. TIMA heavy mineral analysis results indicate that the main heavy mineral assemblages in the Zhe-Min basin included epidote group, amphibole group, and ferromagnetic metal minerals, of which zoisite is the predominant type and a typical heavy mineral of the basin. The amphibole group minerals are primarily composed of hornblende, followed by ferro-actinolite, with significant variations in content across different basin samples. The percentage of ferromagnetic metal minerals exceeds 40% in most samples, containing hematite, magnetite, limonite, titanium magnetite, and authigenic pyrite. Overall, the differences in exposed stratigraphic lithology in the northwestern Zhejiang, southeastern Zhejiang, northwestern Fujian, southwestern Fujian, and eastern Fujian areas reflect the distinct characteristics of the heavy mineral composition in Zhe-Min rivers. Principal component analysis showed that the higher positive loadings (＞0.88) of apatite, amphibole group, and xenotime are associated with the principal component (PC) 1, suggesting that magmatic source rocks influenced the PC 1. Conversely, the higher positive loadings of schorl, garnet group, and chlorite associated with PC 2 indicate influence from metamorphic source rocks. This study demonstrates that it is more efficient to systematic research on heavy minerals from rivers to the sea using automated mineral identification methods like TIMA in the study of heavy minerals with high accuracy requirements. -
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表 1 人工和TIMA鉴定重矿物颗粒数量的比较
Table 1. Comparison in the number of heavy mineral grains identified by manual and TIMA methods
河流 样品 位置 人工鉴定颗粒数/颗 TIMA扫描颗粒数/颗 曹娥江 CEJ23-1 29°57.264'N, 120°52.511'E 301 59688 钱塘江 QTJ23-1 30°13.405'N, 120°45.395'E 341 40209 QTJ23-2 29°43.998'N, 119°38.428'E 305 12239 QTJ23-3 29°44.351'N, 119°39.295'E 293 424 QTJ23-4 29°53.491'N, 119°48.483'E 117 1094 椒江 JiaoJ23-2 28°53.017'N, 120°56.138'E 306 8572 JiaoJ23-3 28°44.272'N, 121°19.346'E 324 324 瓯江 OJ23-2 27°58.969'N, 120°46.135'E 300 7743 OJ23-3 28°8.609'N, 120°22.837'E 302 1417 OJ23-5 28°8.170'N, 120°28.888'E 329 2934 闽江 MJ23-1 26°5.826'N, 119°32.270'E 300 19898 MJ23-2 26°2.872'N, 119°13.293'E 306 3915 MJ23-3 26°9.212'N, 119°6.442'E 269 999 MJ23-4 26°12.868'N, 119°2.915'E 320 956 MJ23-5 26°22.035'N, 118°43.739'E 337 981 MJ23-6 26°12.499'N, 119°2.468'E 356 3468 木兰溪 MLX23-1 25°22.429'N, 118°53.815'E 319 3069 MLX23-2 25°22.429'N, 118°53.815'E 309 6357 MLX23-3 25°24.363'N, 119°7.690'E 359 1726 晋江 JinJ23-1 24°51.075'N, 118°39.134'E 326 2291 JinJ23-2 25°50.700'N, 118°38.743'E 323 6849 JinJ23-3 24°57.220'N, 118°27.184'E 300 6220 九龙江 JLJ23-1 24°34.119'N, 117°43.455'E 323 12733 JLJ23-2 24°29.285'N, 117°42.714'E 332 1839 JLJ23-3 24°28.337'N, 117°48.507'E 165 2512 JLJ23-4 24°26.036'N, 117°54.534'E 118 562 
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表 1 人工鉴定浙闽主要入海河流重矿物颗粒百分含量
Table 1. Manual identification of the percentage of heavy mineral particles in the main rivers in Zhejiang-Fujian
% 矿物名称 CEJ23-
1QTJ23-
1QTJ23-
2QTJ23-
3QTJ23-
4JiaoJ23-
2JiaoJ23-
3OJ23-
2OJ23-
3OJ23-
5MJ23-
1MJ23-
2MJ23-
3MJ23-
4MJ23-
5MJ23-
6MLX23-
1MLX23-
2MLX23-
3JinJ23-
1JinJ23-
2JinJ23-
3JLJ23-
1JLJ23-
2JLJ23-
3JLJ23-
4绿帘石 59.5 12.0 34.4 20.1 24.0 19.1 19.1 41.8 43.3 69.0 42.0 19.0 32.6 40.7 18.4 14.0 25.9 65.4 49.3 26.4 23.1 36.5 25.5 17.7 18.5 17.2 角闪石 24.3 69.9 11.5 5.9 2.0 2.3 4.9 15.5 8.0 5.2 17.7 14.1 12.5 12.0 1.2 3.1 23.3 12.0 17.8 14.4 11.2 4.0 8.7 15.6 11.1 14.7 赤+褐+磁+钛 8.6 7.9 47.2 70.6 70.9 74.7 70.1 35.0 44.3 23.1 20.3 60.8 47.0 40.4 73.7 74.3 47.9 19.4 18.7 56.4 61.1 53.2 59.8 61.5 67.9 64.7 黄铁矿 − − − − − − 0 2.4 − − 13.0 − 0 − − − − 1.0 9.5 − − − − − − − 白钛石 − − 0.7 − − 0.7 1.9 − − − − − 1.1 − 1.2 − − − − 0.6 0.6 0.3 − − − − 锐钛矿 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − 0.3 − − − − − − − − − − 黑云母 − 0.9 − − 0.5 1.0 − 0.7 1.3 − 0.3 0.7 1.5 1.9 0.6 0.6 0.9 − − 0.3 − 1.3 0 1.5 0.6 0.9 风化黑云母 6.3 7.6 3.3 1.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 4.0 2.0 0.6 3.7 3.9 2.7 3.2 3.6 3.1 0.9 1.3 1.9 0.6 1.6 2.0 3.7 0.6 1.2 2.6 白云母 − − − − − − − − 0.3 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − 石榴石 − 0.1 − 0.7 0.5 − − − − 0.3 0.7 0.3 − − 0.3 0.3 0.3 − − − 0.3 0.3 0 − − − 电气石 0.7 1.5 0.3 − − − 0.3 − − − 1.7 0.7 − 0.6 0.9 0.9 − − 1.1 − − 0.3 0.3 0.6 − − 磷灰石 − − 0.3 − − − − − − 0.3 − − − − − − − 0.3 0.8 − − 0.3 − − − − 榍石 − − − 0.3 0.5 − − − 0.3 − − − 0.4 0.3 − 0.3 − − − 0.3 0.3 − 0.3 0.3 0.6 − 锆石 0.3 − 1.3 0.3 0.5 2.0 3.4 0.7 0.3 1.5 0.7 0.7 − 0.9 − 2.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.5 − − 金红石 0.3 − 0.7 − − − − − − − − − − − − 0.6 − − − − 0.3 − 0.3 0.6 − − 萤石 − − 0.3 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − 硅灰石 − − − 0.3 0.5 − − − − − − − 2.3 − − − − − − − − − − − − − 注：“赤+褐+磁+钛”为赤铁矿、褐铁矿、磁铁矿、钛铁矿的颗粒百分含量总和。
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表 2 TIMA鉴定浙闽主要入海河流重矿物颗粒百分含量
Table 2. TIMA identification of the percentage of heavy mineral particles in the main rivers in Zhejiang-Fujian
% 类别 名称 CEJ23-
1QTJ23-
1QTJ23-
2QTJ23-
3QTJ23-
4JiaoJ23-
2JiaoJ23-
3OJ23-
2OJ23-
3OJ23-
5MJ23-
1MJ23-
2MJ23-
3MJ23-
4MJ23-
5MJ23-
6MLX23-
1MLX23-
2MLX23-
3JinJ23-
1JinJ23-
2JinJ23-
3JLJ23-
1JLJ23-
2JLJ23-
3JLJ23-
4帘石族 绿黝帘石 22.3 20.5 22.9 37.5 22.9 13.3 12.0 21.1 34.6 63.3 29.5 11.6 22.4 26.6 8.0 8.8 14.8 43.5 36.3 22.1 14.6 11.9 13.3 12.8 6.7 8.5 褐帘石 0.5 0.3 0.1 − 0.1 0.9 − 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 − 0.1 − 0.1 − 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.2 − − 绿帘石 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.8 3.3 0.6 1.9 5.5 0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 − 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 角闪石族 角闪石 20.5 28.8 4.5 3.1 1.7 2.0 2.8 9.0 3.8 0.8 7.8 4.5 6.6 5.8 2.1 1.2 17.1 14.7 13.7 9.3 7.6 1.3 4.1 13.6 4.5 7.3 铁阳起石 8.6 9.4 3.0 1.7 2.7 1.3 1.5 6.4 1.8 1.5 4.0 2.7 3.1 2.9 0.9 0.5 2.1 4.6 6.1 5.1 6.6 0.6 2.0 2.1 2.6 2.0 高铁红闪石 0.5 0.6 1.0 − 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.1 0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 − 0.1 0.2 − 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 透闪石 0.2 0.3 0.1 − − − − 0.2 0.1 − 0.1 0.1 − 0 0.7 0 − − − − − 0 0.1 − − − 铁质 赤/磁铁矿 5.9 3.0 27.3 29.5 44.8 34.3 47.2 14.5 21.5 12.6 21.6 39.0 23.5 27.1 64.4 66.1 52.3 21.4 10 33.3 45.4 51.3 39.2 37.7 49.6 19.2 钛铁矿 4.8 2.7 10.1 5.9 6.3 16.3 10.8 7.5 6.8 6.2 5.7 15.3 7.3 8.3 2.2 7.4 6.3 3.0 2.8 14.4 12.0 17.0 9.3 15.2 12.3 30.8 黄铁矿 0.1 − 0.1 − − − 3.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.0 0 0.1 0.3 − − 0.1 0.1 3.1 − 0 − − − − − 辉石族 透辉石 5.0 3.3 1.4 − 1.8 0.9 0.3 1.7 1.8 0.4 1.5 5.9 1.5 1.0 3.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.3 0 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.4 斜方铁辉石 0.3 0.4 0.1 − 0.2 0.5 − 0.4 0.1 0 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.5 易变辉石 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 − 0.1 − − 0.1 0.4 0.1 0 − 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 − 顽火辉石 0.1 0.1 0 − − − 0.3 0 − − 0 − − 0.1 − − − − − − − − 0 − − 0.2 云母族 黑云母 1.5 1.1 4.1 4.0 3.2 5.7 3.1 7.8 3.9 0.8 2.1 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.3 0.3 0.2 0.9 2.1 0.2 1.8 0.9 白云母 0.5 0.3 2.9 3.8 2.1 3.8 0.9 5.5 4.0 2.3 2.5 1.6 3.6 2.9 1.4 2.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 2.5 1.1 1.6 2.0 石榴石族 钙铝榴石 0.3 0.3 0.6 2.1 3.7 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 − 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 2.2 0.2 2.3 0.2 钙铁榴石 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.2 − 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.6 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.1 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 4.1 1.2 0.5 2.1 0.7 铁铝榴石 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 1.0 − 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.3 − 0.2 − 锰铝榴石 0 0 0.1 − 0.2 0 − 0 0.3 − 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 − 0.4 0.3 0.2 − 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 其他类别 绿泥石 7.3 9.2 3.3 2.1 1.3 3.8 1.2 4.8 3.5 1.0 2.4 1.6 3.0 1.2 1.4 1.4 0.2 0.4 3.5 0.4 0.3 0.8 3.3 0.5 2.8 2.5 黑电气石 2.5 2.7 1.4 0.5 0.4 1.6 − 2.0 0.9 0.1 1.9 0.9 2.2 2.2 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.2 1.4 0.3 0 0 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.7 磷灰石 5.9 6.0 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.9 1.0 − 0.2 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.5 − 0.2 0.4 2.3 5.0 0 0.2 0.2 − 0.4 − − 其他类别 榍石 4.7 4.7 0.8 2.4 0.4 1.0 0.6 1.6 1.1 0 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.7 − 0.3 1.0 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.3 0.4 1.5 0.8 1.1 锆石 0.7 0.7 1.7 0.5 0.2 1.4 5.2 0.7 1.0 1.7 1.7 2.4 0.2 4.0 0.3 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.0 2.6 3.2 2.4 1.8 0.2 1.6 金红石 5.6 4.3 9.7 3.3 2.8 6.2 6.8 8.8 4.4 7.0 10.8 6.3 13.7 10.5 4.5 4.8 2.1 2.9 8.1 9.4 6.0 4.4 10.7 8.8 5.9 14.1 独居石 0.1 0.1 0.1 − − 0.2 − 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 − 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 − 蓝晶石族 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.5 1.4 0.1 0 0.5 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.1 5.0 1.1 0.6 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.8 3.4 1.4 2.5 6.4 十字石 0.1 0.1 0 − − − − − − − − 0 − 0 0.1 0.1 − − − − − − 0 − − − 橄榄石 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.3 1.1 0.5 0 0.1 0 0.3 0.1 5.8 0.1 0 0 − − − − 0 − 1.4 − 刚玉 0 0 0.2 − − 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 0 − 0.2 0.2 0.1 − 0 0.1 0 0 0.1 − 0.1 0.1 0.2 萤石 0 − 1.5 0.5 − 0.1 − 0 0.4 − 0.5 0.1 − 0.2 − − 0 0 − − − − − − − −
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表 2 浙闽河流主要重矿物组合对比
Table 2. Comparison of major heavy mineral assemblages in Zhejiang-Fujian rivers
河流 河段 已发表数据 TIMA 钱塘江 河口 绿帘石-角闪石-黑云母-磁铁矿-绿泥石[30] 绿帘石-角闪石-绿泥石-磷灰石-榍石 椒江 河口 绿帘石-角闪石-磁铁矿-绿泥石[30] 赤/磁铁矿-绿帘石-角闪石-钛铁矿 瓯江 近河口 绿帘石-赤/磁铁矿-钛铁矿-角闪石-黑云母[30] 绿帘石-角闪石-赤/磁铁矿-黑云母-钛铁矿 闽江 河口 赤/磁铁矿-绿帘石-锆石-角闪石[29] 绿帘石-赤/磁铁矿-角闪石-金红石 上游 赤/磁铁矿-绿帘石-锆石-电气石[29] 赤/磁铁矿-绿帘石-角闪石-橄榄石 木兰溪 中游 绿帘石-角闪石-赤/磁铁矿-橄榄石-黑云母[31] 绿帘石-赤/磁铁矿-角闪石-钛铁矿 九龙江 河口 钛铁矿-赤/磁铁矿-角闪石-绿帘石[29] 钛铁矿-赤/磁铁矿-角闪石-绿帘石
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表 3 主成分分析载荷系数
Table 3. The load factor of principal component analysis
名称 载荷系数 共同度(公因子方差) 主成分1 主成分2 主成分3 主成分4 帘石族 0.204 −0.263 0.68 0.256 0.639 角闪石族 0.895 −0.014 −0.253 0.048 0.868 辉石族 0.447 0.541 −0.143 −0.302 0.604 云母族 −0.148 0.464 0.735 0.136 0.796 石榴石族 −0.546 0.531 −0.101 0.114 0.604 绿泥石 0.733 0.59 0.089 0.092 0.901 黑电气石 0.592 0.615 0.154 0.174 0.783 磷灰石 0.931 0.021 −0.057 −0.061 0.875 榍石 0.888 0.187 −0.075 0.062 0.833 蓝晶石族 −0.315 0.346 −0.547 0.578 0.851 橄榄石 −0.225 0.399 0.003 −0.772 0.806 ATi 0.464 −0.714 0.04 −0.133 0.745 Gzi −0.343 0.784 0.063 −0.065 0.74
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