Low-temperature thermochronology methodology and applications (Part 1)
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摘要:
低温热年代学方法，是指部分退火/滞留带（封闭温度）低于300 ℃的放射性测年方法，主要包括裂变径迹和（U-Th）/He测年技术，可定量限定上地壳的矿物/岩石在地质过程中经历的温度历史，重建地质体的热演化历史，在基础地质学、矿床学、石油地质学、地貌学以及行星学等方面已有广泛的应用。文章简要梳理了两种测年方法的发展过程、原理、实验技术和基本数据组成，并探讨了影响这些测年方法准确性的因素，以及低温热年代学新方法的研究进展。低温热年代学数据通常需要结合地质背景等限定，利用数值模拟对数据加以解释，因此文章还简述了当前常用的热年代学数值模拟工具。这些方法的应用可让我们更为深入地理解地质过程和地貌演化。
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关键词:
- 低温热年代学 /
- 裂变径迹 /
- (U-Th)/He测年 /
- 热历史模拟
Abstract:Low-temperature thermochronology methods refer to radiometric dating techniques with partial annealing/retention zones (closure temperatures) below 300 ℃. These methods can quantitatively determine the temperature history experienced by minerals/rocks in the upper crust during geological process, reconstruct the thermal evolution of geological bodies, hence have been widely applied in the fields of basic geology, ore geology, oil and gas basins, geomorphology, and planetary science. The main methods include fission track and (U-Th)/He dating techniques.This paper briefly reviews the development process, principles, experimental techniques, and basic data composition of the two dating methods, and discusses the factors affecting the accuracy of these dating methods as well as the research progress of the new low-temperature thermochronology methods. Low-temperature thermochronology data usually need to be combined with geological constraints and interpreted by numerical modeling, and in the final part of the article, we briefly describe the commonly used numerical simulation tools in thermochronology. The application of these methods can deepen our understanding on geological processes and geomorphic evolution.
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图 1 常用低温热年代学方法及其封闭温度体系（Chew and Spikings, 2015; Jones et al., 2019; Malusà and Fitzgerald, 2019; Reiners et al., 2018）
Figure 1.
图 3 EDM和LA-ICP-MS两种裂变径迹方法的实验流程图（修改自Kohn et al., 2024）
Figure 3.
图 5 磷灰石裂变径迹年龄与氯含量的关系图（a）（来自美国蒙大拿州Stillwater Complex的磷灰石颗粒样本，数据引自Kohn et al., 2002）和磷灰石颗粒氯含量与其Dpar值的关系图（b）（数据引自Donelick et al., 2005)
Figure 5.
图 6 磷灰石封闭裂变径迹退火各向异性的极坐标图（修改自Donelick et al., 1999)
Figure 6.
图 7 裂变径迹年龄数据雷达图（a）（Vermeesch, 2009）和磷灰石裂变径迹长度直方分布图（b）
Figure 7.
图 9 不同冷却速率下磷灰石和锆石（U-Th）/He封闭温度（a）和不同粒径磷灰石单颗粒年龄（b）（Rsv： 等表面积-体积比的球体半径）（数据引自Flowers et al., 2023b）
Figure 9.
图 10 不同[eU]含量的磷灰石（U-Th）/He单颗粒年龄（a）（数据引自Flowers et al., 2023b）和不同α剂量的锆石（U-Th）/He封闭温度（b）（Guenthner et al., 2013）
Figure 10.
图 11 基于低温热年代学数据利用HeFTy（a）和QTQt（b）软件的热历史反演结果（数据引自Li et al., 2017，藏南白垩纪日喀则弧前盆地)
Figure 11.
图 12 基于低温热年代学数据利用Pecube反演的构造地貌演化模式图（数据引自Cai et al., 2023)
Figure 12.
表 1 裂变径迹发表数据基本组成
Table 1. Fair fission track data reporting
数据内容 说 明 样品号 分析样品的编号 样品基本信息 包括经纬度、高程、地区及岩性等 年龄数据 统计颗粒数（No.） 样品分析的单颗粒数量 自发径迹条数（Ns） 所有颗粒自发径迹（238U裂变产生的天然径迹）总条数 自发径迹密度（ρs） 样品颗粒统计面积内的平均径迹密度 （105 cm−2） 诱发径迹条数（Ni） 限EDM方法：中子照射轰击235U原子使其裂变而产生的径迹总条数 诱发径迹密度（ρi） 限EDM方法：样品颗粒统计面积内的平均径迹密度 （105 cm−2） 平均238U含量 限LA-ICP-MS方法：样品颗粒的238U平均含量值及其误差（σ） 池年龄（Pooled age） 计算裂变径迹年龄及其误差 中心年龄（Central age） 计算裂变径迹年龄及其误差 P(χ2) 卡方检验是用来统计检验分析的颗粒属于同一年龄群体的一种方法，介于0～1 离散度（Dispersion） 评价单颗粒年龄离散程度，介于0～1，或者百分数 退火参数 （磷灰石）样品Dpar或Cl、F、OH含量（EPM或LA-ICP-MS测定）或多元素综合值rm的平均值 长度数据 主要针对磷灰石裂变径迹 平均径迹长度 统计的封闭径迹平均长度（μm）及其方差 径迹条数（n） 样品统计封闭径迹的条数 退火参数 如Dpar或Cl、F、OH含量（EPM或LA-ICP-MS测定）或多元素综合值rm的平均值或范围 单颗粒原始数据 建议均作为附件提供 年龄数据 自发径迹条数（Ns） 单颗粒自发径迹条数 统计面积（Area） 单颗粒统计径迹的面积 自发径迹密度（ρs） 单颗粒统计面积内的径迹密度 （105 cm−2） 诱发径迹条数（Ni） 限EDM方法：单颗粒中子照射轰击235U原子使其裂变而产生的径迹的条数 诱发径迹密度（ρi） 限EDM方法：单颗粒统计面积内的径迹密度 （105 cm−2） 238U含量 限LA-ICP-MS方法：单颗粒的238U含量及其误差（σ） 池年龄（Pooled age） 计算裂变径迹年龄及其误差 中心年龄（Central age） 计算裂变径迹年龄及其误差 P(χ2) 卡方检验是用来统计检验分析的颗粒属于同一年龄群体的一种方法，介于0～1 离散度（Dispersion） 评价单颗粒年龄离散程度，介于0～1，或者百分数 退火参数 （磷灰石）单颗粒的Dpar或Cl、F、OH含量（EPM或LA-ICP-MS测定）或多元素综合值rm 长度数据 主要针对磷灰石裂变径迹 单条径迹长度 测量每条封闭径迹的真实长度（μm） 与c轴夹角 测量的每条封闭径迹与该颗粒晶体c轴的夹角 退火参数 封闭径迹所在的单颗粒的Dpar或Cl、F、OH含量（EPM或LA-ICP-MS测定）或多元素综合值rm 注：由于锆石等矿物的裂变径迹退火机制尚未研究清楚，因此其裂变径迹一般仅给出年龄数据，对其封闭径迹长度暂不统计。 
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表 2 （U-Th）/He发表数据基本组成
Table 2. Fair (U-Th)/He reporting
数据内容 说 明 传统单颗粒溶样法 样品号 分析样品的编号 样品基本信息 包括经纬度、高程、地区及岩性等 年龄数据 包含所有测定的单颗粒数据 4He 单颗粒释放的4He体积量（ncc, 标准温压下）或4He分子数（nmol/g） 颗粒质量（m） 单颗粒矿物的质量（mg） FT 值 α粒子射出效应校正（Farley et al.，1996） U含量 单颗粒的U含量（μg/g） Th含量 单颗粒的Th含量（μg/g） Sm含量 单颗粒的Sm含量（μg/g，一般可忽略） [eU] [eU] = U + 0.238·Th + 0.0012 ·Sm （Flowers et al., 2023b）未校正年龄 未经FT校正的年龄及其误差（可忽略），可为：1σ或2σ 校正年龄 经过FT校正的年龄及其误差，1σ或2σ 颗粒大小 单颗粒的长、宽等或等表面积与体积比的球体半径RSV 晶体形态 单颗粒晶体的完整度：2T.完整；1T.一端完整；0T.两端均不完整 4He/3He方法 同样需要上述传统方法的数据，外加下面数据 辐照信息 辐照实验室、条件等 分布加热温度 ℃ 分布加热温度 ℃ 加热时间 s、min、h 每步加热3He释放量 单颗粒释放的4He体积量（ncc, 标准温压下）或4He分子数（nmol/g） 每步加热4He释放量 单颗粒释放的4He体积量（ncc, 标准温压下）或4He分子数（nmol/g） 或者每步加热4He/3He比值 气体累计积累量（f） 分步加热He气体累计释放量（%）
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