Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition and palaeoenvironment characteristics of Eocene–Miocene lacustrine carbonate rocks in the Tuotuohe Basin, Qingzang (Tibet) Plateau
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摘要:
沱沱河盆地位于青藏高原腹地，是感应高原隆升过程及环境变化效应的核心地带，其内部新生代沉积地层记录了高原地形地貌演化过程及环境、气候变迁的信息。原生湖相碳酸盐岩沉积与区域环境变化关系密切，它的碳氧同位素特征及组合是研究古环境和古气候变化的重要指标。在青藏高原北部沱沱河盆地新生代湖相碳酸盐岩岩石学和矿物学分析基础上，开展了碳氧同位素特征研究，并探讨了古环境意义。结果表明：沱沱河盆地新生代湖相碳酸盐岩主要为泥微晶灰岩，以及少量白云岩和含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩，垂向上，碳氧同位素组成特征揭示该区古环境存在四个演化阶段：第一阶段对应于38.5～30.5 Ma时期，该时期湖相碳酸盐岩形成于气候相对湿润的开放型湖泊，是冲积扇—河流相干旱气候背景下短暂性雨水输入至洪泛平原内部湖盆所致；第二阶段对应于30.5～23.6 Ma，且该阶段26.5 Ma前后的古环境存在明显变化，30.5～26.5 Ma时期，气候相对湿润，但区域降水量减少，蒸发作用加强，与高原北部局部隆升及湖盆水文状态发生改变有关，26.5～23.6 Ma时期蒸发作用相对增加，气候干冷，是青藏高原北部地区地貌格局发生转变、西风带降水输入减少所致；第三阶段（23.6～22.3 Ma）盆地蒸发作用相对降低，气候相对湿润，与青藏高原腹地发育古大湖有关；第四阶段（22.3～19.7 Ma）气候更加干冷，湖泊类型转变为封闭型咸水湖，为可可西里地区进入高原系统和亚洲内陆干旱化导致。沱沱河盆地始新世—中新世湖相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素所揭示的湖泊水文状态和气候背景的转变与高原北部古地理格局和地貌演化存在极大关联。
Abstract:The Tuotuohe Basin, located in the Qingzang (Tibet) Plateau, is one of the core areas that attested to predominant environmental changes during the plateau's uplift. The Cenozoic sedimentary successions in this region record the evolution of the plateau's topography and geomorphology, as well as regional climatic changes. Based on the petrological and mineralogical analysis of Cenozoic lacustrine carbonate rocks in the Tuotuohe Basin, the characteristics of carbon and oxygen isotopes are studied to explore their paleoenvironmental significance. The results show that the Cenozoic lacustrine carbonate rocks in the Tuotuohe Basin are dominated by micritic limestone, with a small amount of dolomite and bioclastic limestone. The vertical carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions reveal four stages of paleoenvironmental evolution in this area: The first stage corresponds to the period of 38.5-30.5 Ma, when lacustrine carbonate rocks formed in an open lake during a relatively humid climate, likely influenced by increased rainwater input to the lake basin in a flood plain setting under the background of alluvial fan-fluvial drought climate. The second stage is from 30.5 Ma to 23.6 Ma, during which there were significant changes in the paleoenvironment around 26.5 Ma. From 30.5 Ma to 26.5 Ma, the climate was relatively humid, but regional precipitation decreased, and evaporation intensified, related to the local uplift in the northern part of the plateau and changes in the lake basin's hydrological status. From 26.5 Ma to 23.6 Ma, increased evaporation and a dry, cold climate resulted from the change of geomorphic framework in the northern Qingzang (Tibet) Plateau and the reduced westerly rain input. The third stage is between 23.6 Ma and 22.3 Ma, when evaporation decreased, and the climate became relatively humid, related to the development of ancient lakes in the hinterland of the Qingzang (Tibet) Plateau. In the fourth stage (22.3 Ma-19.7 Ma), the climate became drier and colder, and the lake transitioned to a closed saltwater lake, caused by the integration of Hoh Xil into the plateau system and the drying of the interior of Asia. The changes in lake hydrology and climate, revealed by the carbon and oxygen isotopes of the Eocene–Miocene lacustrine carbonate rocks in the Tuotuohe Basin, are closely related to the paleogeographic pattern and geomorphologic evolution in the northern part of the plateau.
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图 2 沱沱河盆地阿布日阿加宰实测地层剖面特征及地层时代（据Li et al.，2023修改）
Figure 2.
图 6 研究区碳酸盐岩与现代封闭型湖泊和开放型湖泊沉积碳酸盐岩δ13C和δ18O值比较（数据引用自Talbot，1990；Talbot et al.，1990）
Figure 6.
表 1 沱沱河盆地阿布日阿加宰剖面湖相碳酸盐矿物相对百分含量及碳氧同位素分析结果
Table 1. Relative percentages of carbonate minerals and carbon and oxygen isotope values of lacustrine carbonate rocks in the APC section of the Tuotuohe Basin
注：表中样品号带“*”的，表示重复测试样品，“*”个数代表重复测试次数；δ18O带“▲”的，表示校正后的δ18O值。 
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表 2 剖面古土壤结核与西风带气候区碳酸盐岩样品碳氧同位素值对比
Table 2. Comparison of carbon and oxygen isotope values between paleosol nodules in APC section and carbonate samples in the westerlies-dominated climate
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