Problems and countermeasures to the New Round of Prospecting Breakthrough Strategy in Xizang
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摘要:
西藏位于全球三大成矿域之一的特提斯—喜马拉雅成矿域东段，得天独厚的地质发展过程和优越的成矿地质条件孕育了丰富的矿产资源。然而，受高原气候和特殊地理环境以及政策因素所影响，该地区的矿产勘查开发工作面临着基础性地质工作程度低、生态红线政策影响大、深部找矿新技术缺乏、科技创新引领不够、地质科技人才缺乏等诸多问题。鉴于此，本文以新一轮找矿突破战略行动为背景，从西藏矿产资源概况及勘查开发现状入手，梳理了制约新一轮找矿突破战略行动实施的主要问题。并针对性地提出加强科技创新引领作用、提升基础地质工作、加强对优势资源的勘查及评价、协调好矿产勘查开发与生态保护政策的关系、完善科技人才管理机制、完善地勘政策和制度体系等方面的建议，为科学推进新一轮找矿突破战略行动提供决策依据。
Abstract:Xizang is located in the eastern segment of the Tethys Himalayan metallogenic belt, one of the three major metallogenic belts in the world. The unique geological evolution process and superior metallogenic geological conditions have produced abundant mineral resources. However, due to the influence of the high-altitude climate, special geographical environment, and policy factors, mineral exploration and development work in the region faces many problems such as low level of basic geological work, significant impact of the ecological redline policy, lack of new technologies for deep ore prospecting, insufficient leadership in science and technology innovation, and shortage of geological and technological talents. In view of this, this article takes the background of the new round of prospecting breakthrough strategic action as a starting point, and outlines the main issues that restrict the implementation of the New Round of Prospecting Breakthrough Strategy from the overview of mineral resources and the current situation of exploration and development in Xizang. It also puts forward targeted recommendations to enhance the leading role of scientific and technological innovation, improve basic geological work, strengthen the exploration and evaluation of advantageous resources, coordinate the relationship between mineral exploration and development and ecological protection policies, improve the management mechanism for scientific and technological talents, and improve the policy and institutional system of geological exploration, in order to provide decision-making basis for the improvement and scientific advancement of the new round of prospecting breakthrough strategic action.
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表 1 西藏自治区已发现矿产种类
Table 1. Mineral species discovered in Xizang Autonomous Region
矿产类别 矿种合计 已发现矿种 有查明资源储量的 尚未查明资源储量的 能源矿产 7 煤、石油、地热 石煤、天然气、钍、油页岩 金属矿产 黑色金属矿产 5 铬、铁 锰、钒、钛 有色金属矿产 12 铜、铅、锌、锡（原生矿、砂矿）、钴、钼、锑、镁、钨、镍、铋 汞 贵金属矿产 8 金（砂金、伴生金）、银 铂族元素（铂、钯、锇、铱、
钌、铑）稀有、稀土、分散元素矿产 15 锂、铷、铯、镓、铼、铊 铍、锆、锗、锶、铌、钽、锶、轻稀土金属、重稀土金属 放射性矿产 1 铀 非金属矿产 冶金辅助原料非金属矿产 15 菱镁矿 蓝晶石、红柱石、白云岩、石英
岩、萤石、耐火黏土、冶金用脉石英、夕线石、熔剂用灰岩、冶金用砂岩、铁矾土、耐火用橄榄岩、铸型用砂岩化工原料非金属矿产 21 硫铁矿、自然硫、盐、硼、砷、
重晶石、钾盐、天然碱、芒硝、泥炭、溴磷、水菱镁矿、钾长石、蛇纹岩、橄榄岩、明矾石、钠硝石、毒重石、磷矿、镁盐 建筑材料及其他非金属矿产 60 石灰岩、黏土、火山灰、高岭土、大理石、花岗岩、刚玉、水晶
（压电水晶、熔炼水晶、工艺水晶）、云母、水泥用大理岩、
石膏、孔雀石石棉、滑石、叶蜡石、白垩土、硅藻土、石榴石（工业、工艺两用）、金刚石、冰洲石、绿柱石、电气石、硬玉、软玉、蛇纹石、琥珀、玛瑙、绿玉髓、象牙玉、仁布玉、文部玉、碧玉、鹿斑岩、岫岩玉、石墨、透辉石、沸石、云母、蓝石棉、蛭石、彩色电气石、天然油石、铸石用玄武岩、岩棉用玄武岩、麦饭石、珍珠岩、黑耀岩、松脂岩、浮石、铸石用粗面岩、凹凸棒石黏土、伊利石黏土、页岩、板岩 水汽矿产 2 矿泉水 地下水 合计 146 51 95 
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表 2 西藏自治区矿产地规模及勘查程度一览表
Table 2. Scale and exploration degree of mineral deposits in Xizang Autonomous Region
规模 普查（个数） 详查（个数） 勘探（个数） 合计（个数） 超大型 4 0 3 7 大型 26 10 2 38 中型 52 17 1 70 小型 102 7 0 109 矿点 59 1 4 64 矿化点 55 1 6 62 合计 298 36 16 350
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表 3 西藏自治区矿产地成矿带分布及勘查程度一览表
Table 3. Distribution of ore-forming belts and exploration degree of mineral deposits in Xizang Autonomous Region
Ⅲ级成矿带 普查（个数） 详查（个数） 勘探（个数） 合计（个数） Ⅲ-33西金乌兰–金沙江成矿带 5 1 0 6 Ⅲ-36北羌塘–昌都成矿带 17 2 1 20 Ⅲ-37喀喇昆仑–他念他翁成矿带 27 0 0 27 Ⅲ-40班公湖–怒江成矿带 113 10 3 126 Ⅲ-41北冈底斯成矿带 3 1 9 13 Ⅲ-42中冈底斯成矿带 14 1 0 15 Ⅲ-43南冈底斯–念青唐古拉成矿带 61 9 3 73 Ⅲ-44雅鲁藏布江成矿带 57 12 0 69 Ⅲ-45喜马拉雅成矿带 1 0 0 1 合计 298 36 16 350
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表 4 西藏自治区重要矿集区及代表性矿床一览表（来源于《中国矿产地质志·西藏卷》•2021）
Table 4. List of important mineralized areas and representative deposits in Xizang Autonomous Region (after China Mineral Resources Geological Gazette • Xizang Volume • 2021)
矿集区 所在成矿带 矿集带 面积/km2 主要矿床 藏东三江
矿集区北羌塘–昌都成矿带、西金乌兰–金沙江成矿带 玉龙Cu、Au、Mo、Pb、Zn、Fe矿集带 3300 玉龙铜矿、扎那尕铜矿、昂青银铅锌矿、多霞松多铜矿、马拉松多铜矿等 类乌齐–察雅Pb、Zn、Ag、Fe、Cu、Au
矿集带11800 赵发勇铅锌矿、南越拉铅锌矿、赛北弄锡矿、拉诺玛铅锌矿、谢坝铅锌矿等 冈底斯–喜马拉雅矿集区 北冈底斯成矿带、中冈底斯成矿带、南冈底斯–念青唐古拉成矿带、雅鲁藏布江成矿带、喜马拉雅成矿带 驱龙–甲玛Cu、Mo、Pb、Zn多金属矿集带 5000 驱龙铜矿、甲玛铜多金属矿、邦铺钼铜铅锌矿等 林周Cu、Fe、Pb、Zn多金属矿集带 3800 帮中铜矿、程巴铜矿、勒青拉铜铁矿、轮朗铜矿等 蒙亚啊–亚贵拉Cu、Pb、Zn多金属矿集带 2000 蒙亚啊铜铅锌矿、龙马拉铅锌矿、洞中拉铅锌矿、亚贵拉铅锌矿、沙让钼矿等 雄村Cu、Au多金属矿集带 1300 雄村铜矿、洞嘎金矿、仁钦则金矿等 春则–纳如松多Pb、Zn多金属矿集带 1800 纳如松多铅锌矿、春哲铁矿、江拉铁矿、斯多弄铅锌矿等 扎西康Pb、Zn、Sb稀有金属矿集带 3600 扎西康铅锌矿、马扎拉金矿，纳定稀有金属矿等 山南Cr、Fe、Cu、W、Au多金属矿集带 2900 罗布莎铬铁矿、努日铜钼钨矿、冲木达铜矿、克鲁铜矿等 厅宫–冲江Cu、Au矿集带 600 冲江铜矿、厅宫铜矿、白容−岗讲铜矿、普松金矿等 西藏羊八井–羊易地热矿集带 5200 羊八井、羊易、拉多岗、宁中、谷露等地热田 班公湖–怒江矿
集区喀喇昆仑–他念他翁成矿带、班公湖–怒江成矿带 多龙Cu、Au矿集带 1600 多不杂铜矿、波龙铜矿、荣那铜矿、拿若铜矿、拿厅铜矿、尕尔勤金矿、色那铜金矿（恰秋砂金矿）等 尕尔穷–嘎拉勒Cu、Au矿集带 1700 尕尔勤铜金矿、嘎啦勒铜金矿、（帮着砂金矿）等 扎仓茶卡–扎布耶盐湖Li、B、K矿集带 15500 扎仓茶卡、聂尔错、仓木错、基布茶卡、拉果错、扎布耶等盐湖锂硼钾矿 土门格拉Sb、Cu多金属、煤矿集带 8000 美多锑矿、尕尔西江锑矿、扎那锑矿、旁咪铜矿、土门煤矿等
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表 5 西藏自治区在产矿山一览表
Table 5. List of mines in operation of Xizang Autonomous Region
编号 名称 主矿种 开采规模 1 西藏拉萨市堆龙德庆区卓玛矿泉水 矿泉水 大型 2 西藏昌都县德勒圣泉矿泉水 矿泉水 小型 3 西藏玉龙铜业股份有限公司玉龙铜矿 铜 大型 4 西藏巨龙铜业有限公司驱龙铜多金属矿 铜 大型 5 西藏谢通门县纳如松多铅锌矿 铅 中型 6 西藏拉萨市墨竹工卡县帮浦矿区东段铅锌矿 铅 中型 7 西藏曲松县罗布莎–香卡山–康金拉铬铁矿 铬铁矿 中型 8 西藏拉萨市当雄县曲玛多矿泉水 矿泉水 大型 9 西藏定日县克玛乡新木德村珠峰冰川矿泉水 矿泉水 大型 10 西藏拉萨市圣地饮用天然矿泉水 矿泉水 中型 11 西藏日喀则岗巴喜马拉雅曲登尼玛 矿泉水 小型 12 西藏当雄县羊八井地热田 地热 小型 13 西藏自治区拉萨市尼木县厅宫铜矿 铜 大型 14 西藏林芝工布江达县日乌多铅锌矿 铅 小型 15 西藏那曲地区嘉黎县蒙亚啊铅锌矿 铅 中型 16 西藏那曲地区嘉黎县龙玛拉铅锌矿 铅 小型 17 西藏山南隆子县扎西康铅锌多金属矿 铅 中型 18 拉萨市堆龙德庆区乃琼镇加木村大理岩矿 大理岩 小型 19 西藏林芝市比日神山饮用天然矿泉水 矿泉水 中型 20 西藏日喀则仲巴县扎布耶盐湖矿床 钾盐（固体） 大型 硼矿（固体） 硼矿（液体） 21 西藏拉萨墨竹工卡县知不拉铜多金属矿 铜 大型 22 西藏阿里冈仁波齐优质天然矿泉水 矿泉水 小型 23 西藏华泰龙矿业开发有限公司墨竹工卡县甲玛铜多金属矿 铜 大型 24 西藏加查县邦布矿区岩金矿 岩金 中型 25 西藏山南曲松县罗布莎铬铁矿 铬铁矿 小型 26 西藏山南曲松县五井岭饮用天然矿泉水 矿泉水 中型 27 西藏山南曲松县罗布莎I、II矿群南部铬铁矿 铬铁矿 大型 28 西藏自治区类乌齐县卡玛多菱镁矿 菱镁矿 大型
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