Groundwater quality assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes in Boumerdes Region, Algeria
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Abstract:
In Algeria, water is a critically limited resource. Rapid demographic, urban and economic development has significantly increased water demand, the particularly for drinking water supply and agriculture. Groundwater serves as the primary source of water in the Boumerdes Region, located in northern Algeria, Therefore evaluating groundwater quality for water supply and irrigation purposes is very crucial. In this study, 49 groundwater samples were collected in 2021 and analyzed based on 17 physicochemical parameters. These results were processed using multivariate analysis and compared against the standards established by both the World Health Organization and Algerian Standards. The findings revealed that the concentrations of Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Nitrate of some samples exceeded acceptable limits, indicating that physicochemical treatment is necessary before use for drinking water supply. For irrigation suitability, several indices were employed, including Sodium Adsorption Rate (SAR), Wilcox diagram, Magnesium Absorption Ratio (MAR), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSB), Permeability Index (PI) and Stuyfzand Index. The results of these indices show that groundwater in the region generally meets irrigation standards with a low risk. However, the groundwater should still be managed carefully to prevent salinity-related issues. This study highlights the current status of groundwater quality the Boumerdes region and offers important insights for the sustainable management of water resources in the area.
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Table 1. Physico-chemical data of Boumerdes groundwaters (2021)
Variables Minimum Maximum Moyenne Ecart type Variance T 9.00 25.00 20.16 5.30 28.07 pH 6.62 7.84 7.11 0.32 0.10 Cond 114.00 2,050.00 1,167.32 425.55 181,091.96 Turbid 0.30 62.00 5.29 12.69 161.07 Na+ 21.00 80.00 43.74 12.49 155.93 K+ 1.00 7.00 3.58 1.77 3.13 Ca2+ 52.00 216.00 128.39 40.12 1,609.98 Mg2+ 11.00 110.00 42.42 23.45 550.05 NH4+ 0.00 0.77 0.05 0.15 0.02 Fe2+ 0.00 0.37 0.06 0.11 0.01 Mn2+ 0.00 0.24 0.02 0.05 0.00 HCO3− 186.00 689.00 429.06 110.21 12,146.66 Cl− 22.00 184.00 89.74 46.83 2,192.93 SO42− 11.00 312.00 83.65 55.78 3,111.37 NO2− 0.00 0.55 0.05 0.12 0.01 NO3− 0.00 103.00 18.83 21.82 476.19 PO43− 0.00 0.36 0.01 0.06 0.00 Notes: All Data in (mg/L) except (Turbid (NTU), Cond (µS/cm), pH and T (°C)). 
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Table 2. Physicochemical analysis for water supply according to Algerian and World Health Organization Standards (World Health Organization, 2006; Official Journal of the Algerian Republic, 2011)
Parameters Algerian Standards WHO Standards pH 6.5–9 6.5–9.5 Conductivity (μS ⁄cm) 2,800 no guide value Temperature (°C) 25 no guide value SO42−(mg/L) 400 500 HCO3− no guide value no guide value NO3−(mg/L) 50 50 Ca2+(mg/L en CaCO3) 200 30 Mg2+(mg/L) no guide value 100 Na+(mg/L) 200 no guide value K+(mg/L) 12 12 Cl−(mg/L) 500 250 Turbid (NTU) 5 5
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Table 3. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy
Sampling adequacy tests Value Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index for measuring sampling quality 0.593 Bartlett's test of sphericity Khi- square approx 249.871 ddl 136 Meaning <0.001
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Table 4. Correlation matrix of the physicochemical parameters of Boumerdes groundwater
Variables T pH Cond Turbid Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ NH4+ Fe2+ Mn2+ Cl− SO42− HCO3− NO2− NO3− PO43− T 1.00 pH 0.00 1.00 Cond −0.17 −0.21 1.00 Turbid −0.01 −0.18 −0.22 1.00 Ca2+ −0.25 −0.21 0.53 0.34 1.00 Mg2+ −0.25 −0.06 0.58 0.09 0.39 1.00 Na+ 0.08 −0.36 0.37 0.27 0.47 0.34 1.00 K+ −0.03 0.16 −0.22 0.07 0.16 −0.30 0.17 1.00 NH4+ −0.41 −0.07 0.11 −0.04 0.09 0.21 −0.06 0.13 1.00 Fe2+ −0.06 0.13 0.45 0.36 0.46 0.40 0.25 0.04 0.08 1.00 Mn2+ −0.02 0.10 −0.20 0.79 0.38 0.18 0.35 0.32 −0.10 0.38 1.00 Cl− −0.31 −0.18 0.32 0.37 0.65 0.48 0.20 −0.05 0.17 0.34 0.46 1.00 SO42− −0.06 −0.08 0.50 0.03 0.54 0.61 0.39 0.02 0.08 0.46 0.24 0.44 1.00 HCO3− 0.04 −0.30 0.42 0.48 0.61 0.58 0.62 0.10 −0.01 0.42 0.52 0.50 0.49 1.00 NO2− 0.27 −0.02 −0.25 −0.15 −0.16 −0.29 0.02 0.31 −0.07 −0.17 −0.17 −0.34 −0.21 −0.08 1.00 NO3− −0.23 −0.03 −0.03 0.08 −0.10 0.08 −0.02 −0.40 0.08 0.06 −0.11 −0.04 −0.04 −0.33 −0.11 1.00 PO43− 0.17 −0.24 0.26 0.01 0.18 0.20 0.18 −0.27 −0.06 0.20 0.14 0.37 0.18 0.32 −0.07 −0.16 1.00
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Table 5. Formula of Indices Values
Indices Formula Values Range References Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)
$ SAR=\dfrac{\left[{Na}^{+}\right]}{\sqrt{\dfrac{\left[{Mg}^{2+}\right]+\left[{Ca}^{2+}\right]}{2}}} $ SAR value: <2=no harm,
2 to 12 =Low hazard,
12 to 22 = Medium hazard,
22 to 32 = High hazardBikundia et al. 2014; Chandra et al. 2017
Kelly's Ratio (KR) $ KR\left(\%\right)=\dfrac{\left[\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}^+\right]}{\left[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}^{2+}\right]+\left[\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}^{2+}\right]}\times100 $ KR >1, Unsuitable for irrigation
KR <1, Suitable for irrigationKadyampakeni et al. 2017
Sodium percentage (%Na)
$ Na\left(\%\right)=\dfrac{\left[\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}^+\right]}{\left[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}^{2+}\right]+\left[\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}^{2+}\right]+\left[\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}^+\right]+\left[\mathrm{K}^+\right]}\mathrm{\times}100 $ Excellent (<20),
Good (20–40),
Permissible (40–60),
Doubtful (60–80),
and Unsuitable (>80)Bouderbala et al. 2017
Yousuf Mia et al. 2023
Permeability Index (PI)
$ PI=\dfrac{\left[Na^+\right]+\sqrt{\left[HCO_3^-\right]}}{\left[Ca^{2+}\right]+\left[Mg^{2+}\right]+\left[Na^+\right]}\times100 $ Class I with >75%,
Class II lying between 25% and 75%,
and Class III with <25%Bouderbala et al. 2017
Johnbosco et al. 2021
Magnesium Absorption Ratio (MAR)
$ MAR\left(\%\right)=\dfrac{\left[\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}^{2+}\right]}{\left[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}^{2+}\right]+\left[\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}^{2+}\right]}\times100 $ MH >50% not suitable for irrigation Adimalla et al. 2020
Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC)
$ RS BC=\left[{{HCO}_{3}}^{-}\right]-\left[{Ca}^{2+}\right] $ RSBC index values of <5 meq/L indicates water suitable for irrigation
Mallick et al. 2021 Potential Salinity (PS)
$ PS=\left[Cl^-\right]-\dfrac{1}{2}\left[SO_4^{2-}\right] $ <3 meq/L indicates water suitable for irrigation Doneen, 1964 Stuyfzand Index Presents the concentration of Chlorides in water
< 5 mg/L, Very Oligohaline
between 5 mg/L and 30 mg/L, Oligohaline
between 30 mg/L and 150 mg/L, Freshbetween 150 mg/L and 300 mg/L, Fresh Saumater
between 300 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L, Saumater
between 1,000 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L, Saumate Salted
between 10,000 mg/L and 20,000 mg/L, Salted
>20,000 mg/L, Very SaltyCoetsiers et al. 2006
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Table 6. Agricultural suitability Index for Boumerdes groundwater
Drilling SAR(%) KR Na(%) PI(%) MAR(%) RSBC PS Cl-(mg/L) F1 85.86 19.26 15.98 37.15 39.74 0.21 2.62 101 F2 104.31 26.61 20.75 46.4 42.84 1.71 0.54 46 F3 94.53 25.05 19.86 49.08 43.92 2.69 0.64 40 F4 109.08 27.36 21.11 46.86 19.66 0.22 1.6 85 F5 95.36 24.31 19.4 44.81 48.12 1.84 0.24 39 F6 55.51 16.87 14.26 52.76 41.02 2.69 0.3 22 F7 92.14 17.43 14.82 34.2 40.02 1.71 3.77 184 F8 73.09 26.7 20.63 57.85 30.74 0.45 0.96 49 F9 128.74 23.82 19.17 36.04 37.16 0.06 1.1 22 F10 110.64 23.85 19.15 40.61 44.35 2.11 3.11 141 F11 89.43 21.38 17.32 41.05 17.87 −0.99 1.06 60 F12 115.53 30.08 22.76 49.68 13.39 0.1 0.83 50 F13 70.11 18.22 15.33 40.59 24.46 −0.74 1.18 68 F14 75.84 20.04 16.59 42.82 27.56 −0.14 0.77 60 F15 83.77 18.76 15.59 39.56 23.93 0.33 2.58 125 F16 71.69 16.88 14.3 40.77 29.19 1.32 1.64 86 F17 100.51 19.35 16.09 37.1 37.83 2.91 3.69 173 F18 50.76 8.23 7.57 22.44 47.56 −0.64 2.21 139 F19 105.52 24.15 19.37 43.6 16.37 0.21 2.77 102 F20 68.75 16.98 14.44 37.48 22.08 −1.54 1.81 94 F21 92.24 16.58 14.12 31.74 41.98 1.01 0.42 129 F22 59.98 11.18 9.97 26.85 25.14 −3.55 3.82 158 F23 113.12 28.84 22.04 50.18 11.77 0.8 0.89 49 F24 78.48 19.14 15.98 43.55 43.04 2.8 1.09 52 F25 69.31 16.24 13.91 41.82 60.54 5.09 1.55 68 F26 81.5 19.09 15.84 40.29 34.3 0.94 2.18 108 F27 96.76 19.22 16.03 34.78 37 −0.04 2.97 149 F28 100.35 25.16 20.05 43.65 37.25 0.5 1.57 73 F29 75.39 17.66 14.9 37.47 34.3 −0.19 0.43 38 F30 48.93 10.19 9.23 27.98 30.7 −2.33 3.23 157 F31 88.74 17.75 15.02 30.87 55.29 −0.18 2.22 115
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