Optimal fault detection from seismic data using intelligent techniques: A comprehensive review of methods
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Abstract:
Seismic data plays a pivotal role in fault detection, offering critical insights into subsurface structures and seismic hazards. Understanding fault detection from seismic data is essential for mitigating seismic risks and guiding land-use plans. This paper presents a comprehensive review of existing methodologies for fault detection, focusing on the application of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques to enhance accuracy and efficiency. Various ML and DL approaches are analyzed with respect to fault segmentation, adaptive learning, and fault detection models. These techniques, benchmarked against established seismic datasets, reveal significant improvements over classical methods in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. Additionally, this review highlights emerging trends, including hybrid model applications and the integration of real-time data processing for seismic fault detection. By providing a detailed comparative analysis of current methodologies, this review aims to guide future research and foster advancements in the effectiveness and reliability of seismic studies. Ultimately, the study seeks to bridge the gap between theoretical investigations and practical implementations in fault detection.
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Key words:
- Seismic data /
- Fault detection /
- Fault Segmentation /
- Machine learning /
- Deep learning /
- Adaptive learning
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Table 1. Comparison of fault segmentation techniques from seismic data
Reference Techniques used Significance Limitations Wu et al. (2019) Fully Convolutional Neural Network
Efficient fault segmentation, Automatic feature extraction
Requires expert knowledge for accurate labelling, Time-consuming label creation
Hu et al. (2020) CNN Limited training set usage, Reduced training duration, Improved segmentation
Balancing model complexity with resources is challenging
Dou et al. (2021) 3D-CNN Effective training with limited data, Attention mechanism for noise reduction
Hyperparameter tuning is required, Limited data for attention module
Lefevre et al. (2020) Analog models Understanding fault geometry determinants
Difficulty in achieving true scale similarity
Dou et al. (2022) Fault-Net architecture
Reduction of false negatives, Preserving edge information
Incomplete labelling may lead to inaccurate training
Visini et al. (2020) FRESH and SUNFISH
Improving PSHA methodologies Lack of user-friendly interface, Uncertainty handling needs improvement
Li et al. (2023) Fault-Seg-Net High precision fault localization, Compound loss for uneven segmentation
Increased computational overhead, Training time prolongation
Lima et al. (2024) DNFS Enhanced accurate predictions Sensitivity to geological transitions Liu et al. (2020) CNN Improved interpretability, Better prediction accuracy
Need for deeper interpretability exploration, Additional domain knowledge integration
Li et al. (2024) Fault-Seg-LNet Achieve the tradeoff between model precision and efficiency
Continuous fine-tuning required, Adaptation to changing geological conditions
Khayer et al. (2023) HOG Enhances the accuracy of geological object delineation in seismic images
The quality of seismic data and the optimization of HOG parameters affects the system performance
Dou et al. (2024) FaultSSL Enhances fault detection by effectively integrating limited labelled data
Constrained by the reliance on sparse and potentially inaccurate 2D slice annotations
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Table 2. Review of fault detection from seismic data using ML algorithms
Reference Techniques used Significance Limitations Zeng et al. (2021) SVM, VMD Intelligent fault diagnosis, noise attenuation, strong relationship between seismic features and faults
Ineffective for non-stationary or complex noise patterns
Martín et al. (2023) KNN Interactive 3D fault identification, lithological classification
Struggles with complex fault geometries and heterogeneities
Ashraf et al. (2020) NN, ACO Advanced fracture network recognition, fault identification using seismic data
Requires careful parameter tuning for optimization, may not effectively handle all types of faults
Noori et al. (2019) Gaussian process regression
Fault detection via abnormality identification, fault edge determination
Propagation of uncertainties from GPR into fault detection may lead to false positives or missed detections
Ren et al. (2023) SVM, PSO Provided insights into fault exposure conditions for roads and wells in the target coal seam
Lack of true fault existence probability assessment.
Wu et al. (2021) FCN Fault segmentation based on FCN, balanced loss function for model optimization
Incorporating physical and geological constraints in model architecture is challenging
Wu et al. (2019) MTL-CNN Fault detection, structure-oriented smoothing, seismic normal vector estimation
Designing CNN architectures for improved structural interpretation is challenging
Jang et al. (2023) PCA, RF Relationship between fault distribution and controlling factors, efficient RF classification
Challenge in interpreting feature importance due to RF's bias toward correlated features
Gong et al. (2024) SOM-GWO-SVM Intelligent data preprocessing, fault identification accuracy improvement
Struggles to capture temporal dynamics of fault patterns and seismic activity evolution
Wang et al. (2020) CNN Enhanced fault detection through knowledge amalgamation, student CNN trained on synthetic and field data
Investigation of appropriate training data sets and labels needed for effective fault interpretation
Feng et al. (2022) LOC-FLOW Enhances earthquake catalog accuracy and provides high-resolution velocity structures
Effectiveness is constrained by the availability and quality of seismic data from dense station networks
Waheed et al. (2021) PINNTOMO Enhances seismic tomography by leveraging physics-informed neural networks
Has extremely complex geological settings
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Table 3. Review of fault detection from seismic data using DL algorithms
Reference Techniques used Significance Limitations An et al.(2021) DCNN Efficient fault recognition methodology outperforms state-of-the-art methods, anticipates small errors
Mitigating label discrepancies, reliable model training
Palo et al.(2023) Graph Convolutional Network (GCN)
Interpreting faults in seismic data, good accuracy
Lacks feature engineering strategies Alfarhan et al. (2020)
Encoder-decoder deep neural network
Good detection accuracy, robustness to labelled data scarcity
Lack of uncertainty estimation methods
Bi et al.(2021) Volume-to-volume neural network
High prediction accuracy, low computing costs
Ineffective for low dip-angle thrust faults
Li et al.(2019) U-Net Efficient fault detection with small training sets, increased interpretation efficiency
Class imbalance leads to less accurate fault detection
Xu et al. (2021) 3D convolutional autoencoder
Handling seismic data directly, with good accuracy
Needs optimization of architecture and hyperparameters
Li et al. (2021) Deep CNN Enhanced perceived quality, better fault detection
Artifacts, slight overfitting Wu et al. (2022) Modified U-Net with dilated convolutions
Improved capacity for multi-scale information, better fault identification
Requires further computational optimization
Lin et al. (2022) 2.5D CAU-net with channel attention mechanism
Efficient utilization of correlation between seismic slices, enhanced fault detection
Model overfitting with a larger cropping approach
Ma et al. (2023) U-Net and CNN Accurate multiparameter elastic wave inversion, strong generalizability
Physical limitations, noisy data sensitivity
Vu and Jardani (2022a)
SegNet Accurately map fracture networks in heterogeneous aquifers using hydraulic tomography data
Not fully capture the complexities of real-world fracture geometries and hydrological conditions
Vu and Jardani(2022b)
HT-XNET Simultaneously reconstruct transmissivity and storability with improved accuracy
Need in-depth considering limits under variance of the method on aquifer conditions and data
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Table 4. Review of fault detection from seismic data using adaptive learning algorithms
Reference Techniques
usedSignificance Limitations Zini et al. (2019)
SeisNet Achieved high F1 score on bright spot recognition, quantifying bright spots, and predicting volume
Further research is needed for processing seismic data, waveform prediction, and performance on larger datasets
Zhou et al. (2021)
Transfer learning with convolutional neural networks
Quick training, produced satisfactory results despite the class imbalance
Inaccuracy in detecting fault discontinuities in 3D space
Cunha et al. (2020)
U-net based on DANN (Domain Adversarial Neural Network)
Improved fault detection accuracy, addressed challenges of real geological situations, noise disturbance, and seismic signal frequency
challenge in finishing fault detection on seismic data with various frequencies
Ao et al. (2021)
Transfer learning Improved seismic dip estimation accuracy, applicability in real-world scenarios
Difficulty in assessing the reliability of network predictions
Dou et al. (2024)
Tiny Self-Attention and HRNet, contrastive learning
Enhanced representation learning, improved fault detection tasks, addressed memory overflow issues
Challenges in sparse distance matching in 3D high-resolution data
Zhou et al. (2021)
Progressive transfer learning
Enhanced fault detection using real seismic data, improved fault continuity
Difficulty in updating training dataset without introducing biases
Wei et al. (2022)
CNN and transfer learning
Robust fault feature representation learning, effective fault detection
Challenges in tuning focal loss parameters and ensuring effectiveness across different datasets
Li et al. (2024)
Fault-Attri-Attention Improved fault detection with enhanced accuracy
Reduced efficiency and increased computational overhead due to managing multiple attributes
Mustafa et al. (2024)
3D CNN and Attention-guided training Framework
Enhanced fault prediction with better performance
Lack of deep understanding in modelling and incorporating human visual attention
Zeng et al. (2024)
3D-UNet Enhanced feature extraction and fault detection, improved accuracy and continuity
Struggles in characterizing low-order faults and fault continuity
Zhang et al. (2022)
Deep Transfer Learning Significantly accelerates hydraulic fracture imaging through deep transfer learning
Reliance on simplified models that introduce approximation errors
Titos et al. (2023)
Transfer Learning Enhances real-time volcano tectonic earthquake monitoring through transfer learning
The quality and completeness of the master dataset introduce biases
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Table 5. Review of enhanced fault detection models from seismic data
Reference Techniques
usedSignificance Limitations Yan et al. (2019)
Forward and backward diffusion
Enhancing fault features while suppressing noise, improving fault-tracking accuracy
Struggles in differentiating actual faults and stratigraphic features in complex geological structures
Mousavi et al. (2022)
Erosion algorithm, Sobel and Laplacian of Gaussian
Potential alternative to conventional fault enhancement methods
Artificial enhancements or suppressions near boundaries affect overall image quality
Lyu et al. (2019)
Structure-oriented filtering
Improved fault identification through coherence enhancement
Introduction of spurious features or oversimplification of complex fault networks
Yan et al. (2021)
Transfer learning Enhanced fault detection accuracy, particularly for complex fault types
Difficulty in accurately identifying complex fault types such as thrust and listric faults
Laudon et al. (2021)
CNN-SOM Better outcomes compared to using single ML techniques
Lack of feature design invariant to variations such as noise, resolution, or acquisition parameters
Yuan et al. (2019)
Adaptive spectrum decomposition and super-resolution DL with CNN
Improved fault-detection system with adjustable scale highlighting and high-resolution
Bridging the gap between domains and fostering collaboration
Otchere et al. (2022)
Deep Residual U-net
Respectable fault prediction result, enhanced seismic imaging
Struggles to understand uncertainty inherent in predictions
Zhang et al. (2024)
FaultSeg Swin-UNet Transformer
Improved feature representations, increased recognition accuracy
Adaptability challenges with narrow, elongated, and unevenly distributed fault annotations
Mahadik et al. (2021)
Gradient structure tensor-based coherence
Clearer fault lines with less noise, future goal of creating automated defect detection system
Future integration of DL and ML is needed for complete automation
Isaac et al. (2023)
Dip-steered diffusion filter, DSMF and FEF
Revealing small-scale faults and stratigraphic heterogeneity
Need for improvement in noise suppression while preserving useful signal information
Sheng et al. (2022)
REST and hypoDD Mechanisms of induced seismicity through fluid diffusion and fault reactivation
Limited by the lack of long-term observational data and potential variability
Feng et al. (2022)
Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS)
Offers a quantitative framework for assessing fault slip potential during geothermal operations
Limited by uncertainties in stress field parameters
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