Abstract: Southern Jiangxi Province is always deemed as the areas with typical shortage of groundwater, investigation of the hydrochemical characteristics and evolution law of shallow groundwater in this area is of great significance to ensure drinking water safety and promote economic development. Now taking Yinkeng sheet survey area as an example, the shallow groundwater samples from 97 locations were analyzed through such methods as mathematical statistics, correlation analysis, Gibbs diagrams and ion scale coefficients. The result shows that the cations and anions in the shallow groundwater were mainly Ca²⁺ and HCO₃^-, with absolute superiority of numbers in the anion-cations; the hydrochemical types of shallow groundwater were various with the majority of HCO₃-Ca, HCO₃-Ca·Na and HCO₃-Na·Ca; The hydrochemical composition of shallow groundwater was mainly influnced by rock weathering and dissolution; Na⁺ and K⁺ in shallow groundwater mainly came from the dissolution of silicate (such as albite and potassium feldspar), Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were mainly derived from weathering dissolution of carbonate rock, and the weathering and dissolution of calcite were stronger than that of dolomite; The hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater are not strongly affected by cation exchange and human activities.