Geochemical Characteristics and Genetic Indications of Trace Elements and H-O Isotopes in Quartz of Baidi Gold Deposit, Guizhou Province
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摘要:
贵州百地金矿床位于右江盆地中部，是以细碎屑岩为赋矿围岩、受陡倾斜断褶带构造系统控制的典型中型金锑共生矿床。本文以该矿床各热液阶段石英为研究对象，分析其微量、稀土元素含量和H-O同位素特征，探讨成矿流体来源及其演化过程。结果显示：各阶段石英均富集Sb、As、Cd、Ge、W、Li，强烈亏损Be、Nb、Zr、Hf；各阶段石英稀土含量及配分曲线差别较大：Ⅰ阶段石英稀土配分曲线呈较明显右倾，LREE富集，Ce异常不明显，具弱Eu负异常；Ⅱ阶段石英稀土配分曲线呈较平缓右倾，Ce和Eu异常不明显；Ⅲ阶段稀土配分曲线呈“上凸型”，MREE富集，具有微弱Ce正异常和明显Eu正异常。研究表明：成矿流体具有明显的混合成因，为以地层建造水为主，含少量深部岩浆流体与基底变质水的混合流体；Ⅰ阶段流体具还原、酸性特征；Ⅱ阶段流体继承了Ⅰ阶段流体特征，环境向氧化、碱性转变，使Au等元素发生沉淀，REE和Y进入Ⅲ阶段流体；Ⅲ阶段流体处于氧化、碱性环境，造成Sb的沉淀和围岩Sr等元素的进入；Ⅱ阶段到Ⅲ阶段流体环境转变和深部基底变质水减少，说明百地金矿床热液成矿作用是多期次的，深部岩浆流体和基底变质水在成矿流体中的参与度随成矿过程的演进而逐渐降低。
Abstract:The Baidi gold deposit of Guizhou Province is a typical gold-antimony co-occurrence medium deposit located in the middle of Youjiang Basin, with fine clastic rock as its host rock and controlled by the tectonic system of steep inclined fault-fold belt. In this paper, the contents of trace and rare earth elements and H-O isotope of quartz in different hydrothermal mineralization stages are tested and analyzed, and the source and evolution of ore-forming fluid are discussed. The results show that quartz from at each hydrothermal mineralization stage, Sb, As, Cd, Ge, W, Li are enriched, and Be, Nb, Zr, Hf are strongly depleted, the rare earth content and partition curves of quartz from different hydrothermal mineralization stages vary greatly, the rare earth content and partition curve from quartz in different stages are quite different. The first hydrothermal mineralization stage is more obvious to the right, LREE is enriched, Ce anomaly is not obvious, and Eu negative anomaly is weak. The rare earth partition curve from quartz in the second hydrothermal mineralization stage is gently to the right, and the Ce and Eu anomalies are not obvious. The rare earth partition curve from quartz in the third hydrothermal mineralization stage is "upconvex", with MREE enrichment, weak positive Ce anomaly and obvious positive Eu anomaly. The results show that the ore-forming fluid of Baidi gold deposit has obvious mixed origin, mainly composed of formation water and a small amount of deep magmatic fluid mixed with basement metamorphic water. The fluid environment in the Ⅰ stage is reductive and acidic. The II stage fluid inherited the characteristics of the I stage fluid, and the environment changed to oxidation, alkaline, so that Au and other elements precipitated, and REE and Y entered the III stage fluid. In the Ⅲ stage, the fluid environment is oxidized and alkaline, resulting in the precipitation of Sb and the entry of surrounding rock Sr. From stage Ⅱ to stage Ⅲ, the changes of fluid environment and the reduction of metamorphic water in deep basement indicate that the hydrothermal mineralization process of Baidi gold deposit is multi-stage, and the participation of deep magmatic fluid and basement metamorphic water in the ore-forming fluid gradually decreases.
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表 1 百地金矿床各成矿阶段石英微量元素含量(×10−6)及特征值
Table 1. Trace element contents(×10−6) and characteristic values of quartz in different hydrothermal mineralization stages of Baidi gold deposit
成矿阶段 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 中国陆壳丰度
(×10−6)矿体号 ④号 ①号 均值 富集
系数④号 ①号 ③号 均值 富集
系数④号 ①号 ③号 均值 富集系数 样号 B04 B05 B12 B02 B03 B11 B13 B14 B25 B06 B15 B17 B18 B19 B23 B29 B30 V 8.73 6.86 7.82 7.80 0.08 3.50 3.23 1.02 2.83 1.50 1.27 2.23 0.02 6.98 0.26 0.37 0.02 0.70 1.67 0.02 99 Cr 798 503 384 562 8.92 214 447 233 612 595 765 478 7.58 0.113 0.113 0 63 Co 3.71 2.64 7.66 4.67 0.15 0.78 1.59 1.24 1.70 5.86 1.86 2.17 0.07 0.134 22.480 1.196 0.419 0.250 0.272 0.164 0.430 3.168 0.10 32 Ni 484 284 222 330 5.79 123 276 130 338 334 419 270 4.74 2.97 81.20 14.44 8.74 3.36 3.78 2.30 2.60 14.92 0.26 57 Cu 4.50 3.53 2.94 3.66 0.10 2.17 8.85 1.71 2.77 3.25 3.43 3.70 0.10 1.362 0.382 0.328 0.283 0.034 0.478 0.01 38 Pb 0.72 0.67 5.76 2.38 0.16 0.76 3.58 0.56 1.44 4.56 1.57 2.08 0.14 17.040 1.462 0.051 0.346 5.620 0.668 1.450 3.805 0.25 15 Zn 28.74 10.95 10.30 16.66 0.19 88.62 84.10 6.84 5.10 7.83 3.95 32.74 0.38 13.96 3.52 0.78 6.09 0.07 86 Ag 0.013 0.001 0.041 0.018 0.37 0.017 0.021 0.061 0.097 0.021 0.024 0.040 0.81 0.020 0.020 0.40 0.05 As 136.3 522.2 111.4 256.6 135 329.2 354.6 28.5 49.3 63.7 53.7 146.5 77 2.263 53.11 3.093 1.069 46.95 44.90 0.011 0.086 18.935 10.0 1.9 Sb 74.7 63.9 286.8 141.8 945 89.7 83.0 201.1 634.8 93.2 355.8 242.9 1620 0.176 10.49 2.405 0.401 0.292 4.524 0.155 0.159 2.325 15.5 0.15 Sr 32.61 37.82 85.60 52.01 0.08 54.75 17.23 40 62.1 62.1 31.4 44.60 0.06 306 784 944 813 1230 1050 1020 1540 961 1393 690 Ba 20.2 23.7 21.7 21.9 0.04 11.5 11.3 13.9 19.4 15.5 34.8 17.7 0.03 0.265 17.000 5.860 0.566 1.640 1.730 0.974 3.780 3.977 0.01 610 Cd 0.070 0.020 0.041 0.043 0.79 0.113 7.772 0.392 0.608 0.334 0.044 1.544 28.07 0.082 0.003 0.043 0.78 0.055 Ga 1.78 1.29 2.39 1.82 0.09 0.831 1.040 0.310 0.793 0.316 1.590 0.813 0.04 0.056 0.015 0.039 0.015 0.026 0.030 0 20 In 0.034 0.018 0.002 0.018 0.43 0.013 1.747 0.067 0.112 0.051 0.398 9.48 0.014 0.014 0.001 0.010 0.23 0.042 Tl 0.125 0.095 0.055 0.092 0.15 0.082 0.111 0.010 0.014 0.048 0.009 0.046 0.07 0.61 Ge 13.43 13.74 24.00 17.06 14.21 22.01 31.52 21.3 11.9 15.8 12.7 19.21 16.00 1.2 W 10.20 6.56 5.20 7.32 3.05 3.55 6.03 3.93 6.4 8.34 9.34 6.27 2.61 0.341 43.200 22.60 0.056 0.560 0.461 0.358 0.274 8.481 3.53 2.4 Sn 1.379 1.014 1.331 1.241 0.30 1.144 32.3 20.2 36 15.9 21.11 5.15 4.1 Mo 1.86 1.09 0.91 1.29 0.64 0.359 1.260 0.302 1.190 1.160 1.420 0.949 0.47 0.001 0.247 0.772 0.033 0.019 0.005 0.020 0.157 0.08 2 Bi 0.049 0.023 0.048 0.040 0.21 0.020 0.023 0.022 0.025 0.093 0.273 0.076 0.40 0.005 0.318 0.510 0.002 0.039 0.000 0.004 0.126 0.66 0.19 Li 653 542 260 485 11 518 584 222 164 188 343 337 7.65 0.046 1.680 10.980 0.022 0.029 0.050 0.106 0.044 1.620 0.04 44 Be 0.399 0.231 0.570 0.400 0.09 0.223 0.415 0.293 0.863 0.178 0.867 0.473 0.11 0.022 0.003 1.458 0.071 0.013 0.056 0.155 0.254 0.06 4.4 Rb 7.48 5.85 4.32 5.88 0.04 3.05 4.51 0.89 1.00 1.25 1.27 1.99 0.01 5.400 0.053 0.157 0.027 0.022 1.132 0.01 150 Zr 10.70 11.60 4.50 8.93 0.06 1.61 1.74 0.46 1.33 1.23 0.63 1.17 0.01 0.010 4.200 0.108 0.041 0.100 0.229 0.018 0.031 0.592 160 Hf 0.275 0.287 0.131 0.231 0.05 0.024 0.029 0.023 0.037 0.041 0.016 0.028 0.01 0.017 0.198 0.236 0.018 0.012 0.013 0.016 0.009 0.065 0.01 5.1 Zr/Hf 38.91 40.42 34.35 37.89 67.08 59.79 20.17 36.14 29.78 40.06 42.17 0.57 21.21 0.46 2.26 8.47 17.62 1.12 3.56 24.82 注：中国陆壳丰度数据引自黎彤（1984）；富集系数=元素平均含量/中国陆壳丰度. 
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表 2 百地金矿床各成矿阶段石英稀土元素含量(×10−6)及特征值
Table 2. Rare earth element contents (×10−6) and characteristic values of quartz in different hydrothermal mineralization stages of Baidi gold deposit
成矿阶段 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 矿体号 ④号 ①号 均值 ④号 ①号 ③号 均值 ④号 ①号 ③号 均值 样品编号 B04 B05 B12 B02 B03 B11 B13 B14 B25 B06 B15 B17 B18 B19 B23 B29 B30 La 1.600 1.870 1.190 1.553 0.258 0.265 0.174 0.170 0.326 0.130 0.221 0.305 1.348 0.094 0.424 0.431 0.694 0.517 0.323 0.517 Ce 3.330 3.550 2.340 3.073 0.595 0.527 0.273 0.296 0.694 0.269 0.442 0.893 2.148 0.384 1.230 1.160 1.870 1.720 0.937 1.293 Pr 0.348 0.382 0.265 0.332 0.068 0.061 0.041 0.031 0.079 0.028 0.051 0.140 0.374 0.050 0.160 0.189 0.322 0.299 0.160 0.212 Nd 1.590 1.590 1.340 1.507 0.319 0.286 0.188 0.174 0.344 0.134 0.241 0.731 2.980 0.490 0.854 1.290 2.060 1.890 1.110 1.426 Sm 0.460 0.417 0.636 0.504 0.163 0.180 0.074 0.037 0.106 0.034 0.099 0.732 1.820 0.734 0.786 1.170 2.070 1.140 0.930 1.173 Eu 0.141 0.106 0.228 0.158 0.072 0.073 0.029 0.025 0.049 0.020 0.045 0.689 1.091 0.875 0.640 0.905 1.257 1.265 1.559 1.035 Gd 0.631 0.451 1.223 0.768 0.332 0.369 0.144 0.070 0.197 0.110 0.204 2.272 4.548 3.816 2.672 2.213 4.156 2.501 2.085 3.033 Tb 0.088 0.056 0.142 0.095 0.037 0.037 0.019 0.009 0.027 0.019 0.025 0.379 0.568 0.610 0.407 0.311 0.658 0.407 0.327 0.458 Dy 0.492 0.315 0.587 0.465 0.162 0.154 0.101 0.062 0.183 0.124 0.131 2.100 2.856 3.460 2.310 1.710 3.900 2.370 2.010 2.590 Ho 0.088 0.057 0.083 0.076 0.029 0.023 0.021 0.014 0.036 0.023 0.024 0.362 0.496 0.584 0.380 0.319 0.665 0.445 0.377 0.454 Er 0.251 0.161 0.159 0.190 0.065 0.043 0.071 0.049 0.108 0.079 0.069 0.938 1.556 1.498 1.010 0.814 1.880 1.230 0.854 1.223 Tm 0.031 0.022 0.018 0.024 0.007 0.006 0.009 0.010 0.015 0.009 0.009 0.124 0.177 0.161 0.132 0.107 0.241 0.148 0.099 0.149 Yb 0.212 0.162 0.099 0.158 0.050 0.036 0.064 0.047 0.096 0.062 0.059 0.809 1.424 0.922 0.816 0.583 1.480 0.908 0.575 0.940 Lu 0.031 0.022 0.012 0.021 0.009 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.015 0.010 0.009 0.115 0.175 0.145 0.102 0.075 0.184 0.117 0.064 0.122 Y 2.380 1.530 1.880 1.930 0.841 0.523 0.758 0.590 1.370 0.706 0.798 10.710 16.680 16.880 13.920 10.730 21.900 13.140 11.750 14.464 ∑REE 9.293 9.160 8.322 8.925 2.166 2.065 1.216 1.002 2.275 1.050 1.629 10.589 21.560 13.824 11.923 11.278 21.437 14.957 11.411 14.622 ∑LREE 7.469 7.915 5.999 7.128 1.475 1.392 0.780 0.732 1.598 0.615 1.099 3.490 9.761 2.628 4.094 5.145 8.273 6.831 5.019 5.655 ∑HREE 1.825 1.245 2.323 1.797 0.691 0.673 0.436 0.269 0.677 0.435 0.530 7.099 11.80 11.196 7.829 6.132 13.164 8.126 6.392 8.967 ∑LREE/∑HREE 4.09 6.36 2.58 4.35 2.13 2.07 1.79 2.72 2.36 1.41 2.08 0.49 0.83 0.23 0.52 0.84 0.63 0.84 0.79 0.65 δEu 0.80 0.75 0.78 0.77 0.93 0.84 0.85 1.48 1.03 0.90 1.00 1.50 1.11 1.29 1.22 1.70 1.28 2.22 3.31 1.70 δCe 1.04 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.08 0.98 0.76 0.93 1.03 1.04 0.97 1.06 0.73 1.35 1.16 1.00 0.97 1.05 1.00 1.04 (La/Yb)N 5.41 8.28 8.67 7.45 3.70 5.31 1.94 2.57 2.43 1.50 2.91 0.27 0.68 0.07 0.37 0.53 0.34 0.41 0.40 0.38 (La/Sm)N 2.25 2.90 1.21 2.12 1.02 0.95 1.51 3.01 1.99 2.49 1.83 0.27 0.48 0.08 0.35 0.24 0.22 0.29 0.22 0.27 (Gd/Yb)N 2.46 2.30 10.27 5.01 5.49 8.53 1.85 1.22 1.69 1.46 3.37 2.32 2.64 3.42 2.71 3.14 2.32 2.28 3.00 2.73 La/Nd 1.01 1.18 0.89 1.02 0.81 0.93 0.93 0.98 0.95 0.97 0.93 0.42 0.45 0.19 0.50 0.33 0.34 0.27 0.29 0.35 注：*球粒陨石数据据Sun S S and McDonough （1989）
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表 3 百地金矿床Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段石英氧-氢同位素分析结果
Table 3. Results of O-H isotope analysis of quartz from Ⅱ、Ⅲ hydrothermal mineralization stages of Baidi gold deposit
成矿阶段 矿体编号 样品编号 δ18OSMOW（‰） δ18O H2O（‰） δDSMOW（‰） Ⅱ ④ B01 13.1 12.1 −104 B02 12.8 11.8 −106 Ⅲ ① B16 12.4 11.4 −111 ③ B20 13.2 12.2 −108 平均 12.9 11.9 −107
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