Mineralogy of Tourmaline in the Motianling Pluton, North Guangxi: Insights into Magmatic-hydrothermal Evolution
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摘要:
摩天岭岩体是华南地区与铀矿相关的最古老花岗岩之一，其岩浆期后流体特征及性质研究尚不充分，限制了对其成矿机制的深入理解。电气石可为研究岩浆-热液作用提供重要线索，本研究通过电子探针分析、激光原位分析等方法，结合主成分分析，对摩天岭岩体中的电气石开展系统研究。结果显示，摩天岭岩体中的电气石分为三种类型：岩浆晚期的浸染状电气石（Tur-1）、岩浆热液转换阶段的石英-电气石囊型（Tur-2）和热液阶段的电气石-石英脉型（Tur-3），且具有明显的主量元素聚类特征，绝大多数为黑电气石。研究表明，从Tur-1到Tur-3，电气石的形成环境由岩浆向热液转变，Tur-2可能记录了这一演化过程，V、Co等元素含量的进一步增加也暗示岩浆经历了持续的分异演化，不同类型的电气石反映了岩浆体系流体活动的增强及阶段的转变。同时，摩天岭地区的岩浆-热液流体活动对区内铀矿（如新村、达亮铀矿床）和锡矿（九峰锡矿床）的形成具有重要意义，挥发组分的存在不仅增强了岩浆对铀的富集能力，还进一步提升了摩天岭主体花岗岩中铀的含量，为岩体内晶质铀矿的形成提供了丰富的物质基础。当摩天岭花岗质岩浆演化至晚期时，会分泌出富含F和B的流体，这为锡成矿提供了热源和富Sn-F-B的流体，从而为矿床的形成提供充足的成矿物源。
Abstract:The Motianling pluton is one of the oldest uranium-related granites in southern China. However, the characteristics and properties of its post-magmatic fluid have not yet been sufficiently studied, which limits the in-depth understanding of its mineralization mechanism. Tourmaline can provide important clues for investigating magma-hydrothermal processes. In this study, systematic research was conducted on tourmaline from the Motianling rock mass using electron probe microanalysis, in-situ laser ablation analysis, and principal component analysis. The results show that the tourmaline in the Motianling rock mass can be classified into three types: disseminated tourmaline (Tur-1) formed during the late magmatic stage, quartz-tourmaline aggregates (Tur-2) formed during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition stage, and tourmaline-quartz veins (Tur-3) formed during the hydrothermal stage. These tourmalines exhibit distinct clustering features in major elements, with the vast majority being schorl. The study indicates that from Tur-1 to Tur-3, the formation environment of tourmaline transitions from magmatic to hydrothermal, with Tur-2 potentially recording this evolution process. The further increase in elements such as V and Co also suggests continuous fractional crystallization of the magma. The different types of tourmaline reflect the intensification of fluid activity and stage transition within the magmatic system. Meanwhile, the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid activity in the Motianling area plays a significant role in forming local uranium deposits (e.g., Xincun and Daliang uranium deposits) and tin deposits (e.g., Jiufeng tin deposit). The presence of volatile components not only enhances the magma's ability to enrich uranium but also further increases the uranium content in the main granitic body of Motianling, providing a substantial material basis for the formation of uraninite with the rock mass. When the Motianling granitic magma evolved to its late stage, it exsolved fluids rich in F and B, which provide both the heat source and Sn-F-B-enriched fluids essential for tin mineralization, thus offering sufficient ore-forming materials for the formation of the deposit.
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表 1 摩天岭黑云母花岗岩中电气石电子探针分析数据及离子计算结果（wt. %）
Table 1. Microprobe data and ion calculation(wt. %) of tourmaline from the Motianling biotite granite
类型 Tur-1（n=12） Tur-2（n=12） Tur-3（n=12） 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 SiO2 35.50 34.44 35.12 35.06 34.40 34.76 36.42 35.86 36.10 TiO2 0.42 0.11 0.18 1.00 0.28 0.67 0.50 0.18 0.38 Al2O3 33.91 32.41 33.46 31.38 29.86 30.48 33.71 32.14 32.79 Cr2O3 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.01 FeOT 14.31 13.57 13.96 14.57 13.51 14.11 13.20 12.31 12.79 MgO 2.09 1.19 1.40 1.63 1.29 1.46 3.12 1.95 2.53 CaO 0.44 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.42 0.04 0.14 MnO 0.20 0.11 0.17 0.18 0.10 0.14 0.13 0.07 0.09 Na2O 1.81 1.46 1.63 1.95 1.64 1.81 1.86 1.59 1.72 K2O 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.02 F 0.09 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.09 0.00 0.01 Cl 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 H2O* 3.61 3.51 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.47 3.66 3.58 3.63 B2O3* 10.47 10.30 10.39 10.13 10.00 10.07 10.60 10.48 10.53 O=F 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 Total* 100.74 99.73 100.22 98.09 96.61 97.27 101.56 100.42 100.92 根据31个阴离子(O，OH，F)计算 T-Site Si 5.90 5.81 5.87 6.03 5.96 6.00 5.98 5.92 5.96 Al 0.19 0.10 0.13 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.02 0.04 B 3 3 3 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Y-Site Al 0.56 0.26 0.47 0.37 0.08 0.20 0.47 0.24 0.34 Ti 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.13 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.05 Cr 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Fe3+ 0.24 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.23 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.21 Mg 0.53 0.30 0.35 0.42 0.33 0.37 0.76 0.48 0.62 Mn 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 Fe2+ 1.76 1.67 1.72 1.86 1.71 1.79 1.61 1.50 1.55 Li* 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.35 0.23 0.28 0.24 0.18 0.21 Z-Site Al 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 X-Site Ca 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.02 Na 0.59 0.47 0.53 0.66 0.55 0.60 0.60 0.51 0.55 K 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 X□ 0.51 0.32 0.45 0.43 0.32 0.37 0.48 0.36 0.42 V+W-Site OH 4.00 3.95 3.99 4.00 3.97 3.99 4.00 3.95 3.99 F 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.01 Cl 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Na/(Na+Ca) 0.99 0.88 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.88 0.96 Fe/(Fe+Mg) 0.85 0.77 0.83 0.84 0.81 0.83 0.76 0.66 0.71 Fe/Mg 5.80 3.33 5.04 5.24 4.34 4.81 3.24 1.97 2.53 注：结构式基于31个阴离子(O,OH,F). B2O3和H2O按化学计量计算，B=3 apfu，OH+F=4 apfu；Li*=[15−(T+Z+Y)总阳离子]计算；Total*含量在上述计算结果基础上计算获得. 
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表 2 摩天岭黑云母花岗岩中电气石微量元素分析结果（×10−6）
Table 2. Summary of traceelements (×10−6) of tourmaline from the Motianling biotite granitic pluton
类型 Tur-1（n=9） Tur-2（n=10） Tur-3（n=10） 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 Li 127.01 76.23 96.45 452.68 100.45 263.34 108.61 91.50 103.09 Be 4.23 1.68 3.09 110.53 4.42 43.47 10.99 4.07 7.13 V 52.42 9.00 17.42 53.98 10.92 31.59 72.52 34.94 57.72 Sc 27.21 4.76 9.04 188.18 31.77 94.85 18.17 7.86 12.87 Co 7.27 0.11 1.59 8.22 1.37 4.32 15.98 8.44 13.43 Zn 343.27 282.78 307.92 1511.13 249.26 805.85 270.64 197.86 237.28 Ni 11.90 0.14 2.06 7.10 1.86 4.34 8.81 3.22 7.07 Cu 0.86 0.00 0.24 6.73 0.00 1.79 0.88 0.00 0.35 Ga 74.48 51.49 60.10 510.37 83.38 249.91 61.16 47.52 53.89 Rb 0.12 0.00 0.04 4.32 0.03 0.76 1.21 0.00 0.13 Sr 18.22 1.65 4.76 8.89 0.61 3.96 34.03 13.66 22.10 Y 0.57 0.02 0.15 1.28 0.00 0.46 1.55 0.13 0.35 Nb 0.87 0.15 0.48 69.03 0.41 21.71 12.21 1.80 6.01 Ta 0.88 0.15 0.55 71.49 0.88 33.08 10.72 1.38 4.71 Zr 0.26 0.03 0.09 1.89 0.04 0.44 1.63 0.15 0.85 Hf 0.07 0.00 0.02 0.44 0.01 0.11 0.25 0.00 0.11 Sn 6.88 2.96 4.30 162.06 3.49 47.01 76.38 17.03 41.73 W 0.10 0.00 0.04 0.57 0.00 0.18 1.15 0.07 0.41 Pb 3.07 0.98 1.73 10.14 1.20 4.42 5.83 2.77 4.16 Th 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.71 0.00 0.11 0.30 0.00 0.09 U 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.00 0.18 0.03 0.00 0.01 ∑REE 10.23 1.00 2.55 20.60 1.09 5.27 17.65 0.99 7.07
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