Abstract: The rapid detection of soil salinity using remote sensing technology can scientifically guide the soil salinization control and the rational development of oasis agriculture. Based on 95 soil samples from the oasis of the Weigan-Kuqa River delta, this study established four soil salinity estimation models of multiple linear regression, partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine regression (SVR), and random forest regression using the spectral index, band reflectance, and the measured soil salinity. Then, it conducted the remote sensing inversion for the spatial distribution pattern of the soil salinity in the study area using the optimal estimation results. The results are as follows: ① Nine spectral factors that were significantly related to soil salinity were screened using the all-subsets regression method, with correlation coefficients of all above 0.5 (P< 0.01). Among them, the correlation coefficient between salinity index SI-T and the soil salinity was the highest (0.648); ② The comparison of estimation precision show that the fitting effect of the four inversion models was in the order of random forest regression > SVR > PLSR > multiple linear regression. Among these models, the random forest model had the best fitting precision. Its training and validation sets had coefficients of determination(R2) of 0.870 and 0.766, respectively, with relative percent deviation (RPD) of 2.792 and 2.105, respectively, both of which were greater than 2. These results indicate that the random forest model had a good inversion effect and stable estimation capacity; ③ According to the inversion results of the random forest model, grade I and II zones account for 41.62% and are distributed in the cultivated land area inside the oasis; grade III, IV, and V zones account for 56.41% and are primarily distributed in the desert and the desert-oasis ecotones. Therefore, compared with conventional statistical models, the random forest modeling method can yield significantly better estimation effects in the inversion of soil salinity. This study can be used as a reference for the monitoring of soil salinization in oases in arid areas.