An analysis of metallogenic physical conditions of the Yuqia eclogite-type rutile deposit in the North Qaidam
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摘要:
鱼卡榴辉岩型金红石矿床位于柴北缘超高压变质带西侧，是青藏高原发现的第一个超大型金红石矿床。为研究该矿床的控矿因素和成矿机制，在详细的野外地质调查和岩相学研究的基础上，利用电子探针对该矿床榴辉岩中的各特征矿物进行分析。研究表明，粗粒块状高钛榴辉岩的石榴子石保存了较完整的成分环带，从核部到边部，石榴子石的化学成分、矿物包裹体的种类和粒度都具有明显的分带性；细粒片麻状低钛榴辉岩的矿物颗粒较小，石榴子石的成分环带较差。鱼卡榴辉岩的p-T演化特征反映，它们经历了深俯冲阶段的升温升压到早期折返阶段的升温降压，再到之后的降温降压的顺时针演化轨迹。榴辉岩中进变质矿物组合和生长环带的保存说明，榴辉岩的形成经历了相对快速俯冲和折返的动力学过程，钛成矿作用时金红石很少发生转变。超高压变质前后为金红石最主要的成矿期。
Abstract:The Yuqia eclogite-type rutile deposit is located on the west side of the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin UHP metamorphic belt. And it is the first ultra-large rutile deposit found on the Tibetan Plateau. In order to study the ore-controlling factors and metallogenic mechanism of this deposit, the authors conducted detailed field geological survey and petrographic study. The characteristic minerals in the eclogite of the deposit were analyzed by electron microprobe analysis. It is shown that the garnets of coarse-grained high-Ti eclogite have preserved relatively complete compositional zoning; from the core to the edge, the garnet has a distinct zonality in chemical composition, type and granularity of mineral inclusions. However, the mineral particles in the fine and gneiss low-Ti eclogite are smaller, and the composition of the garnet is poor. Characteristics of p-T evolution of Yuqia eclogite show that it experienced a clockwise evolutionary trajectory from the temperature and pressure rise of the deep subduction stage to the temperature rise and pressure decrease of the early exhumation stage and then to the decrease of both temperature and pressure. The eclogite belongs to the metamorphic mineral assemblage with the preservation of the growth zone, which suggests that the formation of eclogites went through a dynamic process of relatively rapid subduction and reentry exhumation.
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Key words:
- metallogenic conditions /
- rutile deposit /
- eclogite /
- Yuqia /
- North Qaidam
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图 3 鱼卡榴辉岩石榴子石成分扫面和成分剖面（a、c为样品TC170HX2；b、d为样品TC155HX12；从黑色到红色，表示元素含量逐渐增加；矿物代号注释同表 1)
Figure 3.
表 1 鱼卡榴辉岩中石榴子石电子探针分析结果
Table 1. Electron microprobe analyses of garnets from Yuqia eclogites
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表 2 鱼卡榴辉岩中绿辉石电子探针分析结果
Table 2. Electron microprobe analyses of omphacites from Yuqia eclogites
% 点号 SiO2 TiO2 AI2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O 总计 Si Ti Cr Al Fe3+ Fe2+ Mg Ca Na Sum WEF Jd Ae TC170HX2-33 56.77 0.03 10.79 6.38 0.02 6.69 12.01 7.44 100.13 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.01 0.18 0.36 0.46 0.51 4.00 49.22 49.95 0.83 TC170HX2-34 55.89 0.10 11.17 6.67 0.01 6.43 11.25 7.68 99.27 2.02 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.04 0.16 0.35 0.43 0.54 4.01 46.66 48.99 4.35 TC170HX2-35 56.36 0.06 11.28 6.25 0.05 6.47 11.13 7.69 99.31 2.02 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.01 0.18 0.35 0.43 0.54 4.00 47.13 51.94 0.92 TC170HX2-36 55.99 0.08 9.84 5.52 0.06 8.23 13.66 6.47 100.15 2.00 0.00 0.01 0.41 0.02 0.14 0.44 0.52 0.45 4.01 55.25 42.51 2.25 TC170HX2-37 56.67 0.07 9.76 5.47 0.02 8.19 13.40 6.71 100.55 2.02 0.00 0.01 0.41 0.02 0.15 0.43 0.51 0.46 4.01 54.18 44.25 1.57 TC170HX2-38 56.04 0.07 9.49 5.68 0.03 8.13 13.56 6.62 99.62 2.02 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.04 0.14 0.44 0.52 0.46 4.01 54.29 42.22 3.49 TC155HX12-27 55.66 0.07 8.54 4.50 0.00 10.00 15.74 5.00 99.60 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.14 0.54 0.61 0.35 3.99 64.85 35.15 0.00 TC155HX12-28 55.73 0.07 8.94 4.25 0.04 9.70 15.70 5.22 99.73 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.13 0.52 0.60 0.36 3.99 63.39 36.61 0.00 TC155HX12-29 56.15 0.07 9.19 4.25 0.04 9.47 15.06 5.55 99.90 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.13 0.50 0.58 0.38 3.99 61.12 38.88 0.00 TC155HX12-30 56.24 0.11 8.87 4.20 0.05 9.68 15.58 5.33 100.08 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.13 0.51 0.60 0.37 3.99 62.68 37.32 0.00 TC155HX12-31 55.10 0.08 8.27 4.52 0.00 10.06 15.94 4.96 99.12 1.99 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.14 0.54 0.62 0.35 4.00 65.08 34.80 0.12 注：Sum为基于6个氧原子数计算的阳离子总数；Ae—霓石；Jd—硬玉；WEF—硅灰石+顽火辉石+铁顽火辉
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表 3 鱼卡榴辉岩中斜长石电子探针分析结果
Table 3. Electron microprobe analyses of plagioclases from Yuqia eclogites
% 点号 SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O 总计 Si Ti Al Fe3+ Fe2+ Mn Mg Ca Na Sum Ab An Or TC170HX2-39 70.04 0.00 19.37 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.24 11.60 101.64 3.02 0.00 0.98 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.97 5.00 98.83 1.11 0.06 TC170HX2-40 69.00 0.00 15.16 2.14 0.01 3.00 3.59 8.24 101.16 3.05 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.20 0.17 0.71 5.00 80.51 19.37 0.12 TC170HX2-41 70.98 0.00 19.08 0.23 0.02 0.03 0.21 11.34 101.97 3.06 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.95 5.00 98.85 0.99 0.17 TC155HX12-32 65.52 0.05 22.40 0.39 0.03 0.00 3.84 9.34 101.65 2.86 0.00 1.15 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.79 5.00 81.33 18.49 0.18 TC155HX12-33 64.43 0.00 22.74 0.42 0.01 0.00 4.01 9.42 101.05 2.82 0.00 1.17 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.80 5.00 80.82 19.02 0.16 注：Sum为基于6个氧原子数计算的阳离子总数；Ab—钠长石；An—钙长石；Or—正长石
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表 4 鱼卡榴辉岩中角闪石电子探针分析结果
Table 4. Electron microprobe analyses of amphiboles from Yuqia eclogites
% 点号 SiO2 TiO2 AI2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O Cr2O3 总计 Si Ti Al Fe Mn Mg Ca Na K Cr 总计 TC170HX12-42 47.65 0.74 8.79 10.90 0.10 14.01 11.16 2.24 0.19 0.05 95.82 7.01 0.08 1.52 1.34 0.01 3.07 1.76 0.64 0.04 0.01 15.48 TC170HX12-43 45.82 1.11 10.30 11.20 0.06 12.96 10.01 2.66 0.28 0.60 95.00 6.82 0.12 1.81 1.39 0.01 2.88 1.60 0.77 0.05 0.07 15.52 TC170HX12-44 48.09 0.27 9.00 12.87 0.03 12.50 10.70 2.18 0.07 0.01 95.72 7.11 0.03 1.57 1.59 0.00 2.76 1.70 0.62 0.01 0.00 15.39 TC155HX12-34 41.77 0.91 16.46 14.95 0.15 8.62 9.43 3.53 0.35 0.10 96.26 6.27 0.10 2.91 1.88 0.02 1.93 1.52 1.03 0.07 0.01 15.72 TC155HX12-35 41.81 0.91 15.79 16.36 0.13 8.16 9.35 3.18 0.72 0.04 96.44 6.31 0.10 2.81 2.06 0.02 1.84 1.51 0.93 0.14 0.00 15.72 TC155HX12-36 42.23 0.91 15.73 15.40 0.16 8.13 9.68 3.25 0.60 0.06 96.16 6.36 0.10 2.79 1.94 0.02 1.82 1.56 0.95 0.12 0.01 15.67 TC155HX12-37 41.78 0.83 13.95 17.45 0.17 8.03 10.14 2.93 0.50 0.54 96.29 6.37 0.09 2.51 2.23 0.02 1.83 1.66 0.87 0.10 0.06 15.73 TC155HX12-38 41.06 0.94 13.48 17.03 0.17 7.94 9.24 2.87 0.50 2.42 95.66 6.32 0.11 2.45 2.19 0.02 1.82 1.52 0.86 0.10 0.29 15.68 TC155HX12-39 50.37 0.25 9.74 8.33 0.02 14.76 9.94 2.65 0.36 0.07 96.47 7.20 0.03 1.64 1.00 0.00 3.15 1.52 0.73 0.07 0.01 15.35 TC155HX12-40 48.65 0.33 11.11 8.97 0.06 14.22 9.99 2.82 0.45 0.16 96.77 6.99 0.04 1.88 1.08 0.01 3.05 1.54 0.79 0.08 0.02 15.46 TC155HX12-41 49.19 0.34 10.93 8.75 0.04 14.30 9.88 2.88 0.43 0.10 96.84 7.04 0.04 1.84 1.05 0.01 3.05 1.52 0.80 0.08 0.01 15.43 TC155HX12-42 51.10 0.28 8.64 8.30 0.04 15.13 10.20 2.57 0.28 0.04 96.58 7.30 0.03 1.45 0.99 0.00 3.22 1.56 0.71 0.05 0.00 15.32 TC155HX12-43 46.78 0.42 12.72 9.91 0.08 12.55 9.89 2.98 0.53 0.08 95.94 6.82 0.05 2.19 1.21 0.01 2.73 1.55 0.84 0.10 0.01 15.50 注：Sum为基于6个氧原子数计算的阳离子总数
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表 5 鱼卡榴辉岩中多硅白云母电子探针分析结果
Table 5. Electron microprobe analyses of phengites from Yuqia eclogites
% 点号 SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O Cr2O3 总计 Si Ti Cr Al Fe2+ Mn Mg Ca Na K Sum TC170HX2-45 53.33 0.63 26.24 2.77 0.00 3.42 0.05 0.52 9.29 0.02 96.28 3.49 0.03 0.00 2.03 0.15 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.07 0.78 6.88 TC170HX2-46 54.90 0.56 26.19 2.91 0.02 3.62 0.02 0.44 8.41 0.02 97.07 3.54 0.03 0.00 1.99 0.16 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.06 0.69 6.81 TC170HX2-47 53.56 0.55 26.25 3.07 0.01 3.55 0.02 0.46 9.08 0.02 96.57 3.50 0.03 0.00 2.02 0.17 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.06 0.76 6.87 TC170HX2-48 54.04 0.48 25.74 2.59 0.01 3.61 0.06 0.44 8.96 0.14 96.08 3.53 0.02 0.01 1.98 0.14 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.06 0.75 6.85 TC170HX2-49 52.73 0.55 26.27 3.08 0.02 3.23 0.03 0.52 8.79 0.26 95.47 3.48 0.03 0.01 2.04 0.17 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.07 0.74 6.86 TC170HX2-50 54.87 0.42 25.71 2.91 0.00 3.81 0.04 0.42 8.55 0.01 96.73 3.55 0.02 0.00 1.96 0.16 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.05 0.71 6.82 TC155HX12-44 53.03 0.59 29.01 1.73 0.01 3.36 0.00 0.62 8.50 0.11 96.96 3.41 0.03 0.01 2.20 0.09 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.08 0.70 6.84 TC155HX12-45 53.11 0.56 28.33 1.80 0.00 3.48 0.02 0.66 8.37 0.11 96.44 3.44 0.03 0.01 2.16 0.10 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.08 0.69 6.84 TC155HX12-46 52.87 0.61 28.56 1.86 0.00 3.39 0.02 0.71 8.25 0.07 96.34 3.42 0.03 0.00 2.18 0.10 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.09 0.68 6.84 TC155HX12-47 52.20 0.55 28.11 1.83 0.01 3.28 0.00 0.52 8.12 0.07 94.68 3.44 0.03 0.00 2.18 0.10 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.07 0.68 6.82 注：Sum为基于6个氧原子数计算的阳离子总数
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表 6 鱼卡高钛榴辉岩和低钛榴辉岩中石榴子石环带对比
Table 6. The comparison of the garnet zoning between the high Ti and low Ti eclogites at Yuqia
样品 高钛榴辉岩 低钛榴辉岩 特征 分布较稀疏，但颗粒粗大，可占（25%~40%），呈他形，受退变影响较大，矿物包体较多 颗粒较细，数量可占一半以上，分布密集，较自形，与其他矿物界线清晰 阶段 前榴辉岩相、榴辉岩相和后榴辉岩相 前榴辉岩相和榴辉岩相 包裹体 包裹体较多，种类复杂，
粒径大；核部：角闪石、白云母、长石、金红石、石英
边部：很少金红石包裹体较少，颗粒细小；
核部：角闪石、石英、帘石类
边部：很少主量元素 组分：
Alm55.97~64.62Sps0.74~1.79Prp12.15~17.78Grs15.04~27.38；
分带：核部高Ca、Mn，低Mg；幔部高Fe、Mg，低Ca；
边部高Ca组分：
Alm48.70~54.58Sps0.35~5.95Prp11.27~24.37Grs22.88~34.38；
分带：核部和幔部高Ca、Mn，低Mg；边部高Mg，低Ca、Mn，Fe含量相对均一微量元素[6] MREE~HREE陡峭分布
HREE核边变化不明显，或略微降低，
边部HREE~10MREE~HREE平坦分布
从核到边，HREE逐步升高
核部HREE~10
边部HREE~100注：Prp—铝镁榴石；Sps—锰铝榴石；Grs—钙铝榴石；Alm—铁铝榴石
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