Geological characteristics and exploration potential of the important deposits in Southeast Asia
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摘要:
东南亚地区矿产资源十分丰富，特别是铜、镍、铬、钾盐、铝土矿等矿产资源与中国有较强的互补性，受到中国地质学家和矿业界的广泛关注。东南亚地区总体矿产勘查、开发程度低，随着东南亚地区经济的快速发展和找矿技术方法的提高，该地区一大批新矿床的发现和一系列新矿山的陆续建成投产必将为全球经济发展和社会进步注入新的活力。通过对东南亚地区产出的大型-超大型或代表性重要矿床地质特征和分布规律进行总结，对其产出环境和找矿潜力进行讨论，旨在为中国地质学家、矿业企业了解该地区重要矿床的地质特征、时空分布规律、找矿潜力和找矿模型提供有益信息，为中国地勘单位和矿业企业“走出去”，在东南亚地区开展综合性找矿评价提供参考依据，同时也为在中国西南三江成矿带开展勘查找矿工作提供对比依据。
Abstract:The abundant mineral resources in Southeast Asia, especially the tin, copper, nickel, bauxite, chromium and potash resources, have obvious complementarity for China's resources, and hence have aroused much attention among Chinese geologists and mining industries in recent years. Although the exploration and development degree of mineral resources of Southeast Asia is very low, Southeast Asia is likely to be one of the most important metal suppliers and resource bases in the world in the coming years. With the discovery of several world-class mineral deposits, the reopening of a number of old mines and the improvement of exploration techniques, the metallogenic studies and mineral exploration have attracted increasing attention among the international mining communities. In carrying out the idea of "two types of mining markets and two kinds of mineral resources" in China, Southeast Asia will be one of the best choices. Although Southeast Asia is still the frontier area for exploration and mining, the present activity of exploration is very promising. For the purpose of clear understanding of the crust evolution and regional metallogeny, this paper has summarized the geological characteristics and temporal-spatial distribution regularities. Meanwhile, the geological setting, oreforming processes and exploration potential have also been discussed. The purpose of this study is to fill the knowledge gap of our understanding of the metallogeny of Southeast Asia. To better find new mineral deposits in Southeast Asia, we should conduct more detailed researches both on regional metallogeny and on individual mineral deposits.
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Key words:
- important deposit /
- geological characteristics /
- exploration potential /
- Southeast Asia
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表 1 东南亚重要矿床地质特征
Table 1. Principal geological characteristics of the major mineral deposits in Southeast Asia
矿床名称 构造
背景主要赋矿围岩或地层 矿体特征 矿石矿物 主要围岩
蚀变规模/品位 矿产
储量类型 文献 1-缅甸赫敏之(Hermyingyi)
钨锡矿床显生宙
造山带碱长细晶花岗岩体及其围岩接触带 脉状、透镜状、似层状 黑钨矿、锡石、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿 云英岩化、电气石化、硅化、绿泥石化 锡/大型，WO3含量0.276%~0.311%，Sn含量
0.049%~0.061%锡大于
4×104t岩浆热
液型[38] 2-泰国比劳克(Pilok)
钨锡矿床显生宙
造山带石炭系-二叠系与白垩纪中粗粒黑云母及二云母花岗岩的接触带 脉状、透镜状、似层状 锡石、黑钨矿 云英岩化、电气石化、绿泥石化 锡/大型，Sn含量0.1%~1.2% 锡大于
4×104t岩浆热
液型[39] 3-泰国呵叻(Nakhon Ratchasima)
钾盐矿田显生宙
造山带白垩系泥岩粉砂岩盐层 主要呈层状 光卤石、钾石盐、水氯镁石、溢晶石 - 钾盐/大型，KCl含量6.25%~41.72% 氯化钾
6×108t蒸发
岩型[40] 4-越南南部(South Vietnam)
铝矿田新生代
风化壳古近系-第四系红土风化壳 层状、似层状、透镜状 三水铝石、针铁矿、赤铁矿 高岭土化 铝/超大型，Al2O3含量38.6%~53.23% 铝土矿8.5亿t 红土型 [5] 5-马来西亚卡基武吉(Kakibukit)
锡矿床新生代
风化壳第四系冲积-残坡积层 不规则囊状 锡石、钦铁矿 绿泥石化 锡/大型，Sn含量0.01%~0.2% 锡
20×104t砂矿型 [41] 6-马来西亚坚打谷(Kinta Valley)
锡矿田新生代
风化壳第四系冲
积-残坡
积层似层状、不规则状 锡石、钦铁矿、独居石、磷钇矿 云英岩化、绿泥石化 锡/超大型，Sn含量0.05%~0.1% 锡
50×104t砂矿型 [41] 7-马来西亚吉隆坡
(Kuala Lumpur) 锡矿区新生代
风化壳第四系冲
积-残坡
积层似层状、透镜状 锡石、独居石、磷钇矿 云英岩化、电气石化、绿泥石化 锡/大型，
Sn含量0.008%~0.1%锡
20×104t砂矿型 [41] 8-马来西亚克森德(Kesend)
锡矿床新生代
风化壳第四系
冲积层似层状、不规则状 锡石、黑钨矿、钛铁矿 云英岩化、绿泥石化 锡/大型，Sn含量0.1%~0.2% 锡
20×104t砂矿型 [41] 9-印度尼西亚塔扬(Tayang)
铝矿区新生代
风化壳古近系-第四系红土风化壳 层状、似层状、透镜状 三水铝石、赤铁矿、针铁矿、高岭石 高岭土化 铝/超大型，Al2O3含量38%~43% 铝土矿
15.3×108t红土型 [42] 10-印度尼西亚邦加岛(Bangka Isl.)
锡矿床新生代
风化壳古近系-第四系冲积-残坡积层 似层状、不规则状 锡石、黑钨矿、黄铁矿、钛铁矿 云英岩化、绿泥石化 特大型，Sn含量0.1%~0.5% 锡
150×104t砂矿型 [43] 11-印度尼西亚克拉帕康皮特(Kelapa Kampit)
锡矿区新生代
风化壳古近系-第四系冲积-残坡积层 似层状 锡石、磁铁矿、黄铁矿 云英岩化、黄铁矿化、绿泥石化 锡/超大型，Sn含量1%~2% 锡
65×104t砂矿型 [44] 12-印度尼西亚西加里曼丹(W.Kalimantan)
铝矿区新生代
风化壳古近系-第四系红土风化壳 似层状、条带状、不规则状 三水铝石 高岭土化 铝/超大型，
Al2O3
含量38.6%铝土矿
20×108t红土型 [5] 13-菲律宾阿科杰(Acoje) 铬矿田 显生宙
造山带纯橄榄岩、斜辉橄榄岩 条带状、似脉状及不规则状 铬尖晶石 蛇纹石化 铬/大型，Cr2O3含量20% 铬矿石
2520×104t蛇绿
岩型[45] 14-菲律宾里奥图巴(RioTuba)
镍矿床新生代
风化壳古近系-新近系红土风化壳 似层状、不规则状 针镍矿、针铁矿、镍蛇纹石、
镍蒙脱石蛇纹石化 镍/大型，镍含量1.5%~2.35% 镍
234×104t红土型 [46] 15-菲律宾苏里高(Surigao)
镍矿床新生代
风化壳古近系-新近系红土风化壳 似层状透镜状、不规则状 针铁矿、赤铁矿、镍蛇纹石、
镍蒙脱石蛇纹石化 镍/大型，镍含量0.78%~1.1% 镍
500×104t红土型 [42] 16-菲律宾坦珀坎(Tampakan)
铜矿床显生宙
造山带古近系-新近系闪长玢岩 似层状、层状、透镜状 黄铜矿、辉铜矿、赤铜矿、硫砷铜矿 硅化、钟化、绿泥石化 铜/大型，铜0.75% 铜
1200×104t斑岩型 [47] 17-印度尼西亚普劳塞布库(Pulau Sebuku)
镍矿床新生代
风化壳第四系红土风化壳 不规则、似层状 镍褐铁矿、针铁矿、赤铁矿、镍蛇纹石 蛇纹石化 镍/大型，镍含量0.66% 镍
198×104t红土型 [42] 18-印度尼西亚索罗阿科(Soroako)
镍矿床新生代
风化壳第四系红土风化壳 不规则状、透镜状 针铁矿、镍蛇纹石 蛇纹石化 镍/大型，镍含量1.8%~3.0% 镍
370×104t红土型 [42] 19-印度尼西亚哈马黑拉(Halmahera)
镍矿床新生代
风化壳第四系红土风化壳 不规则状、透镜状 针铁矿、镍蛇纹石、镍蒙脱石 蛇纹石化 镍/大型，镍含量1.37% 镍
279×104t红土型 [48] 20-印度尼西亚加格岛(Gag Island) 镍矿床 新生代
风化壳第四系红土风化壳 不规则状、似层状 针铁矿、镍蛇纹石、赤铁矿 蛇纹石化 镍/大型，镍含量1.51% 镍
395.6×104t红土型 [49] 21-印度尼西亚格拉斯贝格(Grasberg)
铜-金矿床印支-新西兰造山带 石英二长斑岩 透镜状、似层状、层状 黄铜矿、斑铜矿、兰辉铜矿、辉铜矿、磁铁矿、黄铁矿、自然金 钟化、磁铁矿化、阳起石化、绢云母化 铜-金/超大型，铜含量1.2%, 金含量1.04g/t 铜2761×104t, 金2610t 斑岩型-矽卡岩型 [50] 22-老挝普开(Phu Kham) 铜-金矿床 长山褶皱带 石炭系-下二叠统石灰岩，粉砂岩 透镜状、似层状、层状 黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿、斑铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、自然金 石榴子石化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、绢云母化 铜-金/大型，铜含量0.55%, 金含量0.24g/t 铜
132×104t, 金57.6t矽卡
岩型[1] 23-泰国普西普(Puthep)
铁-铜(金) 矿床黎府褶皱带 石炭系
石灰岩透镜状、似层状、层状 黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿 石榴子石化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、绢云母化 铁-铜(金)/中型，铜含量0.4% 铜
48×104t矽卡
岩型[1] 24-泰国普隆(Phu Lon) 铜-金矿床 黎府褶皱带 泥盆系
石灰岩透镜状、似层状、层状 黄铜矿、磁铁矿、黄铁矿、斑铜矿、自然金 石榴子石化、透闪石化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、绢云母化 铜-金冲型，铜含量2.4%, 金含量0.64g/t 铜
13×104t矽卡
岩型[1] 
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表 2 东南亚地区主要优势矿产资源及其分布
Table 2. The major superiority mineral resources and their distribution in Southeast Asia
矿种 分布的主要国家及其重点矿床 资源量[74] 铜 菲律宾 世界铜矿资源大国，2015铜矿资源量达到3800xl04t，主要铜矿床分布在北部吕宋山区的三描礼士省、本格特省、新比斯开省，南部棉兰老岛的北苏里高、北三宝颜省、东达沃省、南可打巴托省和中部地区的宿务省等地区，矿床类型以斑岩型为主 2.5×108t 印尼 世界铜矿资源大国，2015年铜储量为2800×104t，主要铜矿床集中分布在巴布亚省的艾斯伯格山和格拉斯贝格地区，少量铜矿床分布在苏拉威西、苏门答腊和爪哇等地区，矿床类型以斑岩型铜矿为主 缅甸 2015年铜储量为1068.5×104t，主要分布在缅甸中央岛弧成矿带内，铜矿具有成矿时代新、矿床规模大、矿体埋深浅、矿石品位高、成矿与火山作用关系密切等特点 老挝 2015年铜储量为290×104t，主要集中分布在沙耶武里、琅勃拉邦-川圹-华潘-带和川圹、华潘-甘蒙-沙湾拿吉-阿速坡一带，矿床类型主要有砂岩型、矽卡岩型和斑岩型3种 镍 印尼 世界镍矿资源大国，2015年镍储量为450×104t，主要分布在群岛的东部，锡矿带可以从中苏拉威西追踪到哈尔马赫拉、奥比、格贝、加格、瓦伊格奥群岛及塔纳梅拉地区，矿床类型以红土型为主 13×106t 菲律宾 世界镍矿资源大国，2015年镍储量为310×104t，主要分布在东达沃省和巴拉望省及北苏里高省和三描礼士省，矿床类型以红土型为主(占99%) 越南 2015年镍矿储量约为152×104t，主要分布于越南北部版幅地区，矿床类型以蛇绿岩型为主 缅甸 2015年镍储量为为95×104t，主要分布于缅甸北部的曼德勒省的Thabeikkyin镇、钦邦的Tiddim镇等地区，矿床类型以蛇绿岩型为主 铬 菲律宾 2015年铬储量约为3020×104t，主要分布在三描礼士省和北苏里高省的Dinagat岛，最大铬矿床为三描礼士山中北部的阿科杰铬矿床 > 55×106t 缅甸 2015年铬储量为2.32×104t，主要分布在西部褶皱带中的三叠纪一始新世蛇绿岩混杂岩及超镁铁岩体中 越南 2015年铬储量为2×104t，主要分布于越南北部清化省市郊的古定等地区，矿床类型以砂铬矿为主 铝
土
矿越南 世界铝土矿资源大国, 2015年铝土矿储量为21×108t，主要分布在越南中南部的多乐、达农、昆嵩、林同等省，北部地区也有分布，矿床类型以红土型为主 105×108t 印尼 世界铝土矿资源大国, 2015年铝土矿储量约18×108t，其中85%分布在西加里曼丹地区，其余15%分布在廖内群岛中的宾坦岛及其周围小岛上，矿床类型以红土型为主 老挝 2015年铝土矿储量为2.3×108t，主要分布在南部菠萝芬高原及阿速坡-色公之间的高原地带，矿床类型以红土型为主 柬埔寨 铝土矿资源主要分布在柬埔寨东北部，地质工作程度较低，其资源储量还不能做出统计 锡 马来
西亚世界锡矿资源大国，2015年锡储量约为100×104t，主要分布在霹雳州和雪兰莪州，如世界著名的坚打谷锡矿区和吉隆坡锡矿区，矿床类型主要有砂矿型、热液型、矽卡岩型和伟晶岩型4种类型，以砂锡矿型为主 > 2.8×106t 印尼 世界锡矿资源大国，2015年锡储量约为80×104t，主要分布在苏门答腊东海岸外的廖内群岛，特别是邦加岛、勿里洞岛和新格乌，矿床类型主要有砂矿型、热液型和伟晶岩型3种，以砂锡矿型为主 缅甸 2015年锡储量约为70×104t，主要分布在德林达依省、孟邦、克伦邦、克耶邦及掸邦南部的钨、锡矿带内，主要矿床有茂奇、赫米英吉、亨达、巴达吉亚、海因达等锡钨，矿床类型以热液脉型锡(钨) 矿床为主，其次为砂锡矿床 泰国 2015年锡储量为17×104t，矿床主要分布在南部地区，包括攀牙、普吉、那空是贪玛叻、拉廊等地区，在北部和中部地区也有少量分布，矿床类型以砂锡矿床为主 老挝 估计锡储量为6.5~8×104t，主要分布在甘蒙省，与中国云南省的个旧和越南的高平属同一个锡矿带 钾
盐泰国 钾盐矿床主要分布于呵叻盆地和沙空那空盆地，呵叻盐盆地内有邦内那隆、孔敬、暖颂、亚索顿等钾盐矿床，沙空那空盐盆地内有乌隆、万象、廊开、哇仑农汉等钾盐矿床 270×108t 老挝 钾盐资源尚未得到开发，但开发潜力大，主要分布在万象地区的蒸发岩和碎屑沉积物盆地中
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