REVIEWS ON THE RESSEARCH OF LATE CENOZOIC GEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT OF THE YANGTZE RIVER DELTA AREA
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摘要:
长江是我国最长的河流和世界最主要的大河之一，长江三角洲地区则是我国人口最为密集和经济最为发达的地区之一。因此，研究长江三角洲地区晚新生代地质与环境的特征与变化，特别是长江河口地区的河谷变迁与三角洲发育，对于该地区的国计民生，具有十分重要的意义。长江三角洲地区晚新生代地质与环境的科学调查研究，已经走过了整整的一个世纪。随着经济的发展和科技的进步，长江三角洲地区晚新生代地质与环境的研究也取得了重大的进展。本文从现代三角洲发育、末次盛冰期长江河谷的深切与充填作用及冰后期地层的沉积相变化，埋藏硬土层的分布、特征、成因及其古土壤学性质，三角洲地区晚第四纪时期的海侵地层层序与新近纪及早、中第四纪地层及其沉积环境，以及从三角洲钻孔的碎屑锆石、独居石年龄谱及沉积物成分和地球化学组成随时间的变化来推论长江贯通三峡的时间等方面所取得的进展和所存在的问题，按照研究时间的大体顺序和地层的新老次序进行了较详细的综述和简要评论。最后根据自己的认识和判断，概括了长江三角洲地区近一个世纪来研究工作所取得的进展和所存在的问题，并在此基础上提出了今后进一步工作的几点建议，希望能引起广大同仁及有关部门的注意，以期达到抛砖引玉的目的。
Abstract:The Yangtze River is the longest river in China and one of the most main rivers in the world. The Yangtze River delta area is one of the most densely populated and economically developed areas in China. Therefore, studying characteristics and changes of Late Cenozoic geology and environment of the area is of very important significance for national welfare and the people's livelihood there. This kind of studies has had a whole century of history. With the development of economy and the progress of science and technology, some major progress has been made in this studies. In this paper we reviewed progress made on basis of data of such aspects as the modern development of the Yangtze River delta, incision and filling of the Yangtze River valleys during the latest pleniglacial age, changes of sedimentary facies during the post-glacial period, the distribution, characteristics and origin of buried hard earth layers, Late Quaternary transgressive sequences and Neogene and Early-Middle Quaternary stratigraphic units and sedimentary environments in the Yangtze River delta area, sedimentary compositions and geochemical analyses of delta sediments, and age spectrums of detrital zircon and monazite from borehole samples. Among the progress is the time of the Yangtze River breaking through the Three Gorges as an obstacle. At the same time some open questions were also pointed out in this paper. Then according to the reviews, we put forward several suggestions for the coming research to call researchers' attention to produce the effect of throwing away a brick in order to get a gem.
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Key words:
- the Yangtze River delta /
- Late Cenozoic /
- geology /
- environment /
- review
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表 1 上海面粉厂全新世地层剖面特征简表[6]
Table 1. A brief table for the Holocene stratigraphic profile in Shanghai flour mill
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表 4 上海东部地区第四纪地层综合表[26]
Table 4. Comprehensive table for Quaternary stratum in eastern Shanghai
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表 5 上海面粉厂钻孔地层划分与海进层位表[26]
Table 5. Drilling stratigraphic division and transgressive table of Shanghai flour miu
时代 地层 井深(米) 海进旋回 大致厚度(米) 全新世 ${\text{Q}}_3^1$ 上海组 0~13.85 第Ⅰ海进层 25 ${\text{Q}}_3^2$ 13.85~17.4 ${\text{Q}}_3^3$ 17.4~25.4 晚更新世 ${\text{Q}}_3^3$ 南汇组 25.4~34.5 第Ⅰ陆相层 9 ${\text{Q}}_3^2$ 34.5~74.96 第Ⅱ海进层 40 ${\text{Q}}_3^1$ 川沙组 74.96~92 第Ⅱ陆相层 17 ${\text{Q}}_2^1$ 92~109.5 第Ⅲ海进层 18 早、中更新世 Q1-2 宝山群 109.5~133.2 第Ⅲ陆相层 23 133.2~160 第Ⅳ海进层 27 160~255.3 第Ⅳ陆相层 100
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表 6 新近纪地层划分对比[46]
Table 6. Neogene stratigraphic division and correlation
年代地层 皖北平原 河北平原 南京附近 长江三角洲 统 阶(全球) 中国区域 上新统 Piacenzian3.60 Ma 麻则沟阶 常胜沟组 固安组 尖山组 干窑镇组 中新统 上 Messinian7.12 Ma 保德阶 辛集组 明化镇组 黄岗组 六合组 Tortonion11.2 Ma 中 Serravillian14.8 Ma 通古尔队 六合组 Langhian16.4 Ma 下 Burdigalian 山旺阶 固镇组 馆陶组 洞玄观组 洞玄观组 白龙港组 Aquitanian23.8 Ma 谢家阶 头铺组
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表 7 上海及邻区活动断裂简表[90]
Table 7. A brief table for active faults in Shanghai and its adjacent areas
断裂方向 名称 图幅内长度/km 主要活动时代 断裂性(新构造期) 规模 北北东 郯庐断裂带 长100、宽20 燕山期—近期 右旋压扭 主干断裂 盐城—茅山—泾县断裂带 长400、宽4~20 燕山期—近期 右旋压扭 主干断裂 镇海—温州断裂带 长120 燕山期—第四纪 压扭 主干断裂 北东 苏北—南黄海盆地断裂系 长40~150不等 燕山期—第四纪 张扭 主干断裂和一般断裂 湖州—苏州断裂 长200 晚白垩纪—近期 张扭 主干断裂 肖山—球川断裂 长350、宽5.5~7.0 燕山期—近期 张扭 主干断裂 绍兴—江山断裂带 长280 元古代—第三纪 右旋张扭 主干断裂 东西 扬州—海安—拼茶河断裂 长240 晚白垩世—近期 张性 主干断裂 无锡—太仓—长江口断裂 长200 燕山期—近期 张性 主干断裂 昆山—嘉定断裂带 长60~80 白垩纪—近期 张性 主干断裂 昌化—杭州—杭州湾断裂 长300 燕山期—第四纪 张扭 主干断裂 北西 与郯庐断裂伴随的北西向断裂组 长30~80不等 第三纪—近期 左旋张扭或压扭 一般断裂 南京—溧阳断裂带 长140 晚白垩纪—近期 左旋张扭 一般断裂 太仓—奉贤断裂带 长140 晚白垩纪—近期 左旋张扭 一般断裂 南黄海盆地北西向断裂组 长30~70不等 第三纪—近期 张扭 一般断裂
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表 8 DY03孔个层段常量元素平均含量[102]
Table 8. The average content of the major elements at each section in DY03 hole
地层 样品个数 元素平均含量/% Fe2O3 MnO TiO2 CaO K2O P2O5 SiO2 Al2O3 MgO Na2O Q4 9 5.73 0.09 0.85 2.48 2.67 0.12 64.47 12.82 2.83 1.37 Q3 22 3.98 0.07 0.64 2.62 2.22 0.11 70.60 9.51 1.79 1.54 Q2 16 4.14 0.07 0.67 3.93 2.25 0.11 67.45 9.71 2.02 1.31 Q1 23 3.80 0.06 0.59 3.52 2.08 0.09 71.97 8.46 1.64 1.16 N 20 3.49 0.06 0.49 1.45 2.35 0.06 75.26 8.35 1.08 0.92 基底 2 4.10 0.09 0.74 3.03 2.26 0.12 70.14 10.35 2.43 1.51
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