Discussion on hydrogeochemical characteristics and genetic model of geothermal waters in Xianshuihe, Anninghe and Longmenshan fault zones in western Sichuan, China
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摘要:
研究目的 研究川西鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带和龙门山断裂带地热水的水化学特征及成因模式，可为川西地热水资源的合理开发利用提供重要参考依据。
研究方法 本文运用水文地球化学、热储温度计算、氢氧同位素等方法分析了分布在3条断裂带上的48处典型温泉（地热井）的水化学组分、水化学过程、热储温度和深度、热水补给来源等特征，并探讨了其形成模式。
研究结果 结果显示：（1）鲜水河断裂带热水水化学类型以HCO3−Na型为主；龙门山断裂带主要为SO4−Na和Cl−Na型；安宁河断裂带包括HCO3·Cl−Na、HCO3·SO4−Ca·Mg和Cl·SO4−Na型等。（2）3条断裂带地热水组分主要受硅酸盐矿物溶解和离子交换作用控制。（3）鲜水河断裂带热储温度为129.6~210.6℃，深度为2532~4184 m，冷水混入比为66%~82%；安宁河断裂带热储温度为81~121.9℃，深度为2155~3519 m，冷水混入比为52%~95%；龙门山断裂带热储温度为108.2~153℃，深度为3573~5654 m，冷水混入比为68%~89%。（4）3条断裂带的地热水接受大气降雨补给，补给高程分别为鲜水河断裂带2493~5034 m、安宁河断裂带3235~3839 m和龙门山断裂带1628~4574 m。（5）鲜水河断裂带地热水的“δ18O漂移”程度强于安宁河断裂带，龙门山断裂带部分地热水出现“δ18O漂移”和“负向漂移”特征。
结论 基于本次研究得到的3条断裂带地热水成因模式，鲜水河断裂带地热水的开发潜力优于安宁河断裂带、龙门山断裂带，是四川省中高温地热资源开发利用的优势靶区。
Abstract:This paper is the result of geothermal geological survey engineering.
Objective In order to develop and use geothermal water resources in western Sichuan rationally, it is important to study hydrochemical characteristics and genetic models of the geothermal waters spatially linked with the Xianshuihe (XFZ), Anninghe (AFZ), and Longmenshan (LFZ) fault zones.
Methods The methods of hydrogeochemistry, reservoir temperature calculation, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes were used to estimate hydrochemical types, hydrochemical processes, reservoir temperatures and depths, and recharge sources of 48 typical localities of geothermal waters (or geothermal springs or drilling holes) located around these three fault zones, and reconstruct the mode of their formation.
Results (1) Hydrochemically the geothermal waters are dominated by HCO3−Na type in the XFZ, SO4−Na and Cl−Na types in the LFZ and HCO3·Cl−Na, HCO3·SO4−Ca·Mg and Cl·SO4−Na types in the AFZ. (2) The composition of geothermal waters of the three fault zones are mainly controlled by the dissolution of silicate minerals and ion exchange process. (3) The temperatures of the reservoirs, their depths and the cold water mixing ratio are, respectively, 129.6−210.6℃, 2532−4184 meters, and 66%−82% for the XFZ, 81−121.9℃, 2155−3519 meters, and 52%−95% for the AFZ and 108.2−153℃, 3573−5654 meters, and 68%−89% for the LFZ. (4) The geothermal waters in the three fault zones are recharged by meteoric waters derived from elevations at 2493 to 5034 meters in the XFZ, 3235 to 3839 meters in the AFZ, and 1628 to 4574 meters in the LFZ. (5) The degree of the “δ18O drift” of geothermal waters in the XFZ is higher than that in the AFZ, and the geothermal waters in the LFZ exhibit characteristics of “δ18O drift” and “negative drift”.
Conclusions Our results show that among the three perspective areas of the Sichuan Province, the Xianshuihe Fault Zone possesses a higher commercial potential for the exploration and utilization of medium-high temperature geothermal resources compared to the Anninghe and Longmenshan fault zones.
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图 1 研究区的（a）构造位置图和（b）区域地质图（改自Zhang et al., 2017）
Figure 1.
图 4 Cl−相关图(a—Cl−–K+；b—Cl−–Na+；c—Cl−–Sr2+；d—Cl−–HCO3−；e—Cl−–Mg2+；f—Cl−–Ca2+；g—Cl−−Li+；h—Cl−–SO42−；i—Cl−–F−）
Figure 4.
表 1 地热水水化学参数分析与收集结果
Table 1. Analysis and collection results of geothermal water hydrochemical parameters
温泉名称 T/℃ pH TDS K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ HCO3− SO42− Cl− SiO2 δ18O/‰ δD/‰ 水化学类型 鲜水河
断裂带湾东温泉① 64.0 6.8 1871.3 43.0 310.0 138.3 37.1 930.5 151.2 198.6 75.1 −10.8 −80.2 HCO3−Na·Ca 陈家沟温泉① 62.0 6.7 2822.1 100.0 575.0 139.3 35.9 1269.2 145.6 453.8 127.9 −11.5 −90.7 HCO3−Na 明香温泉① 53.0 6.5 2248.6 58.0 360.0 161.3 58.4 1104.4 147.2 287.2 87.6 −11.0 −82.2 HCO3−Na·Ca 神汤温泉③ 63.5 − − 10.6 125.8 56.3 20.2 497.2 60.5 20.8 − −12 7 −88.6 HCO3−Na·Ca 新兴温泉③ 51.0 − − 9.2 295.6 23.1 11.3 750.4 18.7 98.1 − −14.8 −105.1 HCO3−Na 灌顶温泉③ 85.0 − − 42.2 318.3 54.6 16.2 771.7 53.7 180.2 − −15.3 −115.4 HCO3−Na 中古吊桥1号温泉③ 53.6 − − 25.9 257.6 48.4 7.5 838.8 15.6 73.4 − −16.9 −125.8 HCO3−Na 中古吊桥2号温泉③ 54.8 − − 27.3 260.2 73.7 14.4 985.2 12.7 73.4 − −16.4 −123.3 HCO3−Na 热水塘1号温泉① 50.3 6.9 1009.3 30.0 270.0 71.1 16.4 897.0 6.5 64.9 125.4 −15.9 −119.3 HCO3−Na 热水塘2号温泉① 62.0 6.7 1315.8 32.0 340.0 80.2 13.4 1128.8 5.0 83.3 148.9 −16.7 −125.9 HCO3−Na 折多塘温泉③ 63.0 − − 1.1 161.9 2.9 0.1 381.3 12.5 9.2 − −17.9 −131.9 HCO3−Na 二道桥温泉③ 43.8 − − 21.5 123.5 245.1 49.3 1220.0 112.8 43.3 − −14.9 −111.1 HCO3−Ca 二道桥离垢悦谷温泉② 50.0 6.5 1080.0 22.4 163.0 207.0 36.2 1064.0 50.6 55.4 46.0 −15.5 −117.0 HCO3−Na·Ca 雅拉2号温泉③ 46.0 − − 30.4 315.6 110.2 19.2 1251.0 25.3 78.8 − −17.0 −127.4 HCO3−Na·Ca 雅拉3号温泉③ 38.0 − − 31.4 329.7 105.4 19.4 1266.0 23.8 80.2 − −17.0 −128.0 HCO3−Na 新榆林温泉③ 74.0 − − 54.9 502.5 48.4 33.2 1452.0 26.5 228.3 − −16.4 −127.8 HCO3−Na 协德1号温泉③ 71.9 − − 22.6 274.6 44.5 1.0 918.1 7.3 42.9 − −18 24 −138.9 HCO3−Na 协德2号温泉③ 56.1 − − 81.2 471.3 66.4 38.5 1940.0 14.3 35.3 − −18.3 −139.9 HCO3−Na 葛卡温泉③ 46.0 − − 15.2 109.7 131.7 38.5 945.6 21.9 3.3 − −18.4 −137.1 HCO3−Na·Ca 曲隆沟温泉③ 53.0 − − 12.0 190.5 66.3 13.2 854.1 10.2 10.8 − −19.0 −143.7 HCO3−Na·Ca 龙日沟温泉③ 49.0 − − 11.4 152.1 69.1 9.6 716.8 13.3 8.8 − −18.5 −139.2 HCO3−Na·Ca 龙普沟温泉③ 40.0 − − 11.3 290.2 75.8 11.1 1104.0 14.9 19.8 − −18.1 −139.3 HCO3−Na 麻孜温泉③ 48.0 − − 15.2 521.5 37.2 11.9 1681.0 38.0 2.7 − −19.0 −144. 1 HCO3−Na 小热水温泉④ 26.3 7.9 239.1 4.6 12.0 47.1 8.5 183.1 35.4 − 52.1 − − HCO3−Ca 大热水温泉④ 42.0 7.2 625.0 6.0 50.6 99.2 8.5 262.0 153.0 4.1 52.1 −89.0 −13.1 HCO3·SO4−Na·Ca 鲜水河
断裂带光华村温泉④ 67.0 7.1 905.0 15.0 150.0 46.1 15.2 248.0 268.0 12.4 192.0 −92.0 −13.3 HCO3·SO4−Na 幸福村温泉④ 55.0 6.9 1561.0 18.5 82.0 196.0 80.3 946.0 133.0 31.0 92.3 −78.0 −11.1 HCO3−Ca·Mg 新棉镇温泉④ 58.0 7.6 850.0 18.0 250.0 20.0 − 117.0 48.5 341.0 59.8 −92.0 −12.9 HCO3·Cl−Na 公益海温泉群④ 56.0 9.5 369.0 4.9 110.0 3.0 − 22.0 24.9 48.4 113.0 −108.0 −15.0 Cl−Na 新棉镇地热井④ 57.0 8.2 777.0 15.0 240.0 24.2 3.0 105.6 51.4 354.0 49.0 −91.2 −12.6 Cl−Na 安宁河
断裂带灵山温泉② 31.3 8.3 1970.0 8.4 763.0 2.3 0.7 189.0 0.2 1030.0 23.0 −113.0 −15.0 Cl−Na 彝海温泉② 25.0 7.5 3300.0 14.9 831.0 387.0 6.2 78.2 33.4 1980.0 21.0 −104.4 −14.2 Cl−Na Ca 喜德县公塘子温泉③ 47.0 6.8 810.8 44.0 53.0 132.3 53.5 604.1 174.4 22.7 37.1 − − HCO3−Ca·Mg 红莫温泉⑤ 62.0 6.9 815.1 28.4 45.4 129.4 56.6 530.6 205.0 31.7 37.4 −14.0 −97.3 HCO3−Ca·Mg 西昌矿泉花园温泉⑥ 39.0 8.1 4641.8 9.2 1250.0 202.4 77.8 56.5 2904.0 142.5 33.5 − − SO4−Na 桑坡咀医疗热矿泉水⑥ 41.0 7.4 2240.5 − 430.0 188.4 47.4 317.3 1372.0 − 25.9 − − HCO3·SO4−Na·Ca 川兴温泉⑥ 44.0 8.2 2062.2 5.5 470.0 118.2 60.8 207.5 1192.0 85.8 34.1 − − SO4−Na 河西温泉③ 37.3 − − 0.1 46.8 0.9 0.0 85.4 9.6 6.2 − −14.8 −111.3 HCO3−Na 龙门山
断裂带毕棚沟温泉② 65.0 8.1 258.0 2.7 94.2 0.5 0.1 176.5 31.1 21.1 73.0 −18.1 −132.1 HCO3−Na 古尔沟温泉② 48.0 9.1 68.0 1.5 19.7 0.6 0.1 24.5 18.2 3.2 35.0 −16.4 −118.6 HCO3·SO4−Na 观音庙温泉② 32.0 7.5 2949.0 62.4 615.0 43.5 41.7 2075.0 9.0 49.9 58.1 − − HCO3−Na 吉鱼沟温泉② 31.9 7.2 2150.0 15.9 110.0 343.0 124.0 301.6 1360.0 19.7 43.0 −12.2 −85.1 HCO3·SO4− Ca·Mg 甲石口温泉② 44.0 9.3 384.0 1.4 97.9 − − 143.0 14.0 14.7 88.8 − − HCO3−Na 安县桑枣镇温泉⑦ 24.5 7.9 360.0 2.6 49.1 46.8 12.5 258.6 88.1 34.9 − −14.7 −67.1 HCO3−Na·Ca 罗浮山温泉⑦ 26.0 8.0 16990.0 119.5 2800.5 472.6 322.9 8977.8 1701.6 7088.7 − −13.8 −68.1 HCO3·Cl−Na 龙门山镇宝山温泉⑦ 39.3 8.1 2220.0 11.3 549.9 51.1 5.3 1220.2 19.4 977.8 − −16.2 −70.1 HCO3·Cl−Na 都江堰侏罗纪温泉⑦ 26.5 8.5 1500.0 2.6 384.3 28.7 10.8 868.3 19.7 623.7 − −11.6 −55.5 HCO3·Cl−Na 花水湾温泉⑦ 63.6 7.7 9240.0 208.9 2936.0 393.3 108.2 322.1 3007.7 2390.3 − −9.5 −80.9 SO4·Cl−Na 注: ①为2014年采样；②为2020年10月和2021年6月采样；③数据来源于张磊等(2021)；④为2017年采样；⑤数据来源于袁建飞等(2017)；⑥数据来源于王贵玲(2018)；⑦数据来源于颜玉聪等(2021)；“−”表示该点未采样或未收集到数据。 
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表 2 地热水热储温度、冷水混合比例以及循环深度的估算结果
Table 2. Estimation results of the reservoir temperature, cold water mixing ratio and circulation depth of geothermal water
热储温度计算结果/℃ 冷水混合比例 循环深度/m SiO2地热温标 Na–K–Mg 硅焓混合模型 鲜水河断裂带 98~177.2（a=129.6） 200~225 150~275（a=210.6） 66%~82% 2532~4184 安宁河断裂带 70.6~88.8（a=81） 100~125 100~140（a=121.9） 52%~95% 2155~3519 龙门山断裂带 85.9~130.7（a=108.2） 150~175 102~177（a=153） 68%~89% 3573~5654 注：“a”表示平均值。
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表 3 三条断裂带地热水补给高程的计算结果
Table 3. Calculation results of the recharge elevation of geothermal water in the three major fault zones
构造位置 δ18O计算的补给高程 δD计算的补给高程 δ18O/‰ H/m δD/‰ H/m 鲜水河断裂带 −10.79~−19.04 2226~4888 −78~−144.07 2493~5034 安宁河断裂带 −13.99~−14.97 3259~3575 −97.3~−113 3235~3839 龙门山断裂带 −9.53~−18.12 1820~4591 −55.5~−132.1 1628~4574
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