新疆喀喇昆仑火烧云超大型铅锌矿床矿物学、地球化学及成因

高永宝; 李侃; 滕家欣; 赵辛敏; 赵晓健; 燕洲泉; 金谋顺; 赵慧博; 李旭拓

新疆喀喇昆仑火烧云超大型铅锌矿床矿物学、地球化学及成因

中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心/西北地质科技创新中心, 自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室, 陕西西安 710054

基金项目:
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目（2018JM4030）、陕西省青年科技新星项目（2015KJXX-71）、第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究专题（2019QZKK0807-02）、中国地质调查局地质调查项目（DD20160004、DD20160346、DD20190143）、国家留学基金联合资助

详细信息

作者简介: 高永宝(1982-),男,博士,副研究员,主要从事矿床学及矿床地球化学研究。E-mail:gaoyongbao2006@126.com

中图分类号: P611;P597

收稿日期: 2019-08-12

修回日期: 2019-09-15

Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Genesis of Giant Huoshaoyun Zn-Pb Deposit in Karakoram Area, Xinjiang, NW China

Key Laboratory for the Study of Focused Magmatism and Giant Ore Deposits, MNR, Xi'an Center of China Geological Survey/Northwest China Center for Geoscience Innovation, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China

Received Date: 12 August 2019

Revised Date: 15 September 2019

摘要

摘要: 近年来，青藏高原北缘喀喇昆仑铅锌找矿取得重大突破，新发现的火烧云超大型铅锌矿床已成为中国最大的铅锌矿床，矿石矿物以菱锌矿、白铅矿、水锌矿为主，也是世界第二大非硫化物铅锌矿床。矿体呈似层状产出，埋藏浅，主要为褐色块状矿石，Pb+Zn平均品位近30%。可分为3个成矿阶段。早期铅锌硫化物成矿阶段（方铅矿、闪锌矿、方解石）、中期铅锌非硫化物成矿阶段（菱锌矿、锰氧化物→菱锌矿、白铅矿、石膏）与晚期表生氧化阶段（水锌矿）。硫化物阶段方铅矿的δ³⁴S为-18.9‰~-4.2‰，非硫化物阶段热液石膏的δ³⁴S为-20.6‰~-7.5‰，继承了硫化物阶段矿物的硫同位素特征。Pb同位素组成集中，具有地壳来源特征，二叠系—白垩系可能提供了金属成矿物质。方解石的δ¹⁸C_PDB为0.6‰~3.1‰，δ¹⁸O_SMOW为15.3‰~24.6‰，菱锌矿的δ¹⁸C_PDB为-2.7‰~4.5‰，δ¹⁸O_SMOW为10.4‰~26.1‰，来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解作用；白铅矿的δ¹⁸C_PDB为-7.7‰~4.3‰，δ¹⁸O_SMOW为9.3‰~24.3‰，同位素发生漂移，可能是与大气降水的混入有关。硫化物成矿阶段方解石中流体包裹体的³He/⁴He值为0.05~0.39 R/Ra，⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar值为296.2~428.9，方铅矿中流体包裹体的³He/⁴He值为0.03 R/Ra，⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar值为290.0，成矿流体可能为中温、低盐度、中低密度的还原性壳源流体；非硫化物成矿阶段菱锌矿中流体包裹体的³He/⁴He值为0.10~0.43 R/Ra，⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar值为290.6~295.3；白铅矿中流体包裹体的³He/⁴He值为0.08 R/Ra，⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar值为293.5，成矿流体可能为中低温、低盐度、中密度的壳源流体与大气降水混合流体。综上所述，火烧云超大型铅锌矿床是盆地边缘褶皱逆冲+构造流体+次生交代成矿系统的产物，硫化物成矿阶段为构造热液成因，非硫化物成矿阶段为围岩交代成因，后期发生叠加氧化作用，形成大量水锌矿。
- 矿物学 /
- 地球化学 /
- 硫化物 /
- 非硫化物 /
- 火烧云铅锌矿床 /
- 喀喇昆仑
Abstract: In recent years, a breakthrough has been made about the zinc and lead prospecting in Karakorum area of northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The newly discovered giant Huoshaoyun zinc-lead deposit has become the largest zinc-lead deposit in China and the second largest nonsulfide zinc-lead deposit in the world. The ore bodies are layer-shaped, buried shallow with depth of 50 to 230 meters. The ores show brown color and massive structure, and the average grade of lead and zinc is nearly 30%. It can be divided into three metallogenic stages:early zinc-lead sulfide mineralization stage, intermediate zinc-lead nonsulfide mineralization stage and late oxidation stage. The first stage is characterized by galena, sphalerite and calcite; the second stage is represented by smithsonite, manganese oxide, cerussite, and gypsum; the last stage is characterized by hydrozincite. The δ³⁴S values of the galena in the first stage range from -18.9‰ to -4.2‰. The δ³⁴S values of gypsum in the second stage vary from -20.6‰ to -7.5‰, which inherits the sulfur isotope characteristics of minerals in the sulfide stage. The lead isotope compositions are concentrated and show a crustal source feature, and the Permian-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks may be the sources of metals. The δ¹⁸CPDB and δ¹⁸OSMOW values of calcite range from 0.6‰ to 3.1‰ and from 15.3‰ to 24.6‰, respectively. The δ¹⁸CPDB and δ¹⁸OSMOW values of the smithsonite vary from -2.7‰ to 4.5‰ and from 10.4‰ to 26.1‰, respectively. All these values indicate the dissolution of carbonate. The δ¹⁸CPDB and δ¹⁸OSMOW values of the cerussite range from -7.7‰ to 4.3‰ and from 9.3‰ to 24.3‰, respectively, indicating the mixing of atmospheric precipitation. The ³He/⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of the fluid inclusions in the calcite vary from 0.05 R/Ra to 0.39 R/Ra and from 296.2 to 428.9, respectively; and the ³He/⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of fluid inclusions in the galena are 0.03 R/Ra and 290.0, respectively. Thus, the ore-forming fluid of the first sulfide metallogenic stage may be medium-temperature, low salinity, and medium-low density reducing fluid from the crust. The ³He/⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of fluid inclusions in the nonsulfide metallogenic stage range from 0.10 R/Ra to 0.43 R/Ra and from 290.6 to 295.3, respectively; the ³He/⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of fluid inclusions in cerussite are 0.08 R/Ra and 293.5, respectively. Thus, the ore-forming fluid of the nonsulfide metallogenic stage may be medium-low temperature, low salinity, and medium density fluid from crust mixed with atmospheric precipitation. In summary, the giant Huoshaoyun zinc-lead deposit is the product of basin fold thrust in the edge of a basin, with the activities of structure fluids and secondary replacement system. The sulfides are formed with the activities of structure fluids, and the nonsulfides are the result of wall rock replacement. At the last stage, the oxidation occurred and the hydrozincites formed.
- mineralogy /
- geochemistry /
- sulfide /
- nonsulfide /
- Huoshaoyun Zn-Pb deposit /
- Karakoram

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