Ecological health risk assessment of farmland surface soil heavy metals in Dashetai, Ulat Front Banner, Inner Mongolia
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摘要:
研究目的 为查明乌拉特前旗大佘太地区农田土壤重金属污染状况，采集表层土壤样品845件，农作物样品30件，饮用水样品17件，分析测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等 8 种重金属元素含量。
研究方法 通过采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评估模型，对该区土壤、农作物以及饮用水中的重金属污染程度、生态风险和健康风险进行评估。
研究结果 大佘太农田土壤中重金属含量整体与河套地区背景值相当；土壤中潜在重金属生态危害以轻微风险和中等风险为主；人体健康风险评估显示，在口和皮肤双重摄入途径下，土壤会对居民造成致癌风险（5.69×10−6），谷物（1.03）及蔬菜（1.30）会对居民有一定的健康风险。
结论 Hg受人类影响较大，中等—强风险区位于大佘太镇；其余元素主要受成土母质控制，Cd中等风险区分布在乌梁素海沿岸一带。As在蔬菜、谷物以及饮用水健康风险中贡献最大，应该受到关注。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective This study aims to evaluate the current status of heavy metal contamination in the soil of Dashetai, Ulat Front Banner. A comprehensive sampling campaign was conducted, involving the systematic collection of 845 topsoil samples, 30 crop samples, and 17 drinking water samples. The concentrations of eight heavy metals (Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn)) were analyzed to assess the extent of contamination.
Methods The levels of soil heavy metal contamination, ecological risk, and associated health risks in the study area were assessed using the geoaccumulation index method, the potential ecological hazard index method, and a health risk assessment model.
Results The concentrations of heavy metals in the farmland soils of Dashetai are approximately equivalent to the background levels observed in the Hetao Plain. The assessment of potential ecological risks indicated that the heavy metal contamination in the soil predominantly posed slight to moderate ecological hazards. The human health risk assessment revealed that, through oral and dermal exposure, the soil's carcinogenic risk value was calculated to be 5.69 × 10−6, which exceeds the standard threshold of 10−6. However, this level of risk is considered to pose a minimal carcinogenic threat, one that is generally deemed acceptable by public health standards.
Conclusions The distribution of mercury (Hg) is significantly influenced by anthropogenic activities, with areas of medium to high risk predominantly located in Dashetai. In contrast, the distribution of other elements is primarily governed by the parent materials of the soil. Moderate−risk areas for cadmium (Cd) are concentrated along the coast of Wuliangsu Lake. Arsenic (As) was identified as the primary contributor to the health risks associated with the consumption of vegetables, grains, and drinking water.
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Key words:
- soil /
- heavy metal /
- ecological risk /
- health risk /
- environmental geological survey engineering /
- Ulat Front Banner /
- Inner Mongolia
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表 1 健康风险评价模型暴露因子参数
Table 1. Exposure factor parameters of health risk assessment mode
符号 参数 单位 参考值 $ {\mathrm{O}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}_{n} $ 非致癌（致癌）效应下经口摄入土壤暴露量 — — $ {\mathrm{P}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}_{n} $ 非致癌（致癌）效应下吸入土壤颗粒暴露量 — — $ {\mathrm{D}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}}_{n} $ 非致癌（致癌）效应下皮肤接触土壤暴露量 — — $ \mathrm{O}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{R} $ 每日摄入土壤量 mg/d 100Ⅰ $ \text{E}{\mathrm{D}}_{s} $ 暴露时长 a 25Ⅰ $ \text{E}{\mathrm{F}}_{s} $ 暴露频率 d/a 250Ⅰ $ {\text{ABS}}_{0} $ 经口摄入吸收效率因子 无量纲 1Ⅰ BW 平均体重 kg 61.8Ⅰ $ {\text{AT}}_{\mathrm{s}} $ 非致癌（致癌）效应平均时长 d 27740Ⅰ（致癌）9125Ⅰ（非致癌） $ \mathrm{D}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{R} $ 每日空气呼吸量 m3/d 14.5Ⅰ $ {\mathrm{P}\mathrm{M}}_{10} $ 空气中可吸入悬浮颗粒物总量 mg/m3 0.119I PIAF 吸入土壤颗粒物在体内滞留比例 无量纲 0.75Ⅰ $ \mathrm{f}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{i} $ 室内空气中来自土壤的颗粒物所占比例 无量纲 0.8Ⅰ EFi 室内暴露频率 d/a 187.5Ⅰ $ \mathrm{f}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{o} $ 室外空气中来自土壤的颗粒物所占比例 无量纲 0.5Ⅰ EFo 室外暴露频率 d/a 62.5Ⅰ $ \text{SAE} $ 皮肤暴露面积 cm2 3033II $ \text{SSAR} $ 皮肤表面土壤黏附系数 mg/cm2 0.2Ⅰ $ {\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{S}}_{{{\mathrm{d}}}} $ 皮肤接触吸收效率因子 无量纲 0.001Ⅰ（镉）0.03Ⅰ（砷） E 每日皮肤接触事件频率 次/d 1Ⅰ RfD 不同途径参考剂量 mg/(kg·d) 见表2 RfDo 经口摄入参考剂量 mg/(kg·d) 见表2 RfDi 呼吸吸入参考剂量 mg/(kg·d) 见表2 RfDd 皮肤接触参考剂量 mg/(kg·d) 见表2 SF 不同途径的致癌斜率因子 (kg·d)/mg 见表2 SFo 经口摄入的致癌斜率因子 (kg·d)/mg 见表2 SFd 皮肤接触的致癌斜率因子 (kg·d)/mg 见表2 SFi 呼吸吸入的致癌斜率因子 (kg·d)/mg 见表2 注：Ⅰ为引用自《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3—2019）；Ⅱ为根据《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ25.3—2019）计算得出。 
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表 2 土壤重金属不同暴露途径的RfD和SF
Table 2. RfD and SF values for different exposure pathways of soil heavy metals
重金属元素 参考剂量/(mg/(kg·d)) 致癌斜率因子/((kg·d)/mg) $ {\mathrm{R}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{D}}_{{\mathrm{o}}} $ 数据
来源$ {\mathrm{R}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{i}} $ 数据
来源$ {\mathrm{R}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{d}} $ 数据
来源$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{F}}_{{\mathrm{o}}} $ 数据
来源$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{i}} $ 数据
来源$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{d}} $ 数据
来源As 3.00×10−4 I 3.52×10−6 II 3.00×10−4 II 1.50 I 1.83×10−2 II 1.50 II Cd 1.00×10−3 I 2.35×10−6 II 2.50×10−5 II 7.06 II Cr 3.00×10−3 I 2.35×10−5 7.5×10−2 II 4.71×10−2 II Cu 4.00×10−2 I 4.00×10−2 II Hg 3.00×10−4 I 7.04×10−5 II 2.10×10−5 II Ni 2.00×10−2 I 2.11×10−5 II 8.00×10−4 II 1.11 II Zn 3.00×10−1 I 3.00×10−1 II 注：Ⅰ为引用自HJ《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3—2019）； Ⅱ为根据《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3—2019）计算得出。
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表 3 土壤重金属致癌风险的分级标准
Table 3. Classification standard of carcinogenic risk of soil heavy metals
等级 $ \mathrm{C}\mathrm{R} $ 致癌风险 1 $ \mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\leqslant {10}^{-6} $ 无风险 2 $ {10}^{-6} < \mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\leqslant {10}^{-5} $ 低风险，可接受 3 $ {10}^{-5} < \mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}\leqslant {10}^{-4} $ 中风险，可接受 4 $ \mathrm{C}\mathrm{R} > {10}^{-4} $ 有，不可接受
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表 4 土壤重金属参数统计
Table 4. Parameter statistics of heavy metals in soil
元素 最小值 最大值 均值 标准差 变异系数 富集系数 河套平原表层
土壤背景值农用地土壤污染
风险筛选值As 2.54 24.9 8.63 2.40 0.28 0.89 9.68 25 Cd 0.05 0.28 0.13 0.04 0.30 1.08 0.12 0.6 Cr 31.7 104 68.66 10.79 0.16 1.23 56 250 Cu 6.94 43.5 20.35 5.75 0.28 1.06 19.2 100 Hg 0.007 0.067 0.018 0.0072 0.40 0.72 0.0249 34 Ni 12 46.1 25.4 5.70 0.22 1.02 25 190 Pb 11 28.9 17.19 2.64 0.15 0.92 18.76 170 Zn 27.9 108 56.37 12.67 0.22 1.01 55.7 300 pH 8.07 9.99 注：参与统计样品数共计845件。最小值、最大值、均值、河套平原表层土壤背景值、农用地土壤污染风险筛选值单位为mg/kg，其他无单位。
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表 6 重金属地累积指数分级结果
Table 6. Classification criteria of index of geo−accumulation
评价项目 平均值 分级样本数 污染点数占比/% ≤0 0~1 As −0.8 832 13 1.54 Cd −0.56 765 80 9.47 Cr −0.31 766 79 9.35 Cu −0.56 767 78 9.23 Hg −1.14 827 18 2.13 Ni −0.59 806 39 4.62 Pb −0.73 844 1 0.12 Zn −0.6 805 40 4.73
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表 5 土壤重金属主成分分析结果
Table 5. Principal component analysis results of soil heavy metals
重金属 主成分 1 2 特征值 6.11 0.58 贡献率/% 76.36 7.23 累积贡献率/% 76.36 83.59 As 0.827 0.265 Cd 0.881 0.018 Cr 0.864 −0.339 Cu 0.958 −0.103 Hg 0.720 0.559 Ni 0.952 −0.182 Pb 0.812 0.102 Zn 0.949 −0.164
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表 7 土壤重金属潜在生态危害指数特征
Table 7. Characteristics of potential ecological damage index of soil heavy metals
值域 分级样本数/件 轻微 中等 强 很强 极强 $E_r^i$ As 2.62~25.72 845 0 0 0 0 Cd 12.5~69.75 694 151 0 0 0 Cr 1.13~3.71 845 0 0 0 0 Cu 0.36~2.27 845 0 0 0 0 Hg 11.24~107.63 721 118 6 0 0 Ni 2.4~9.22 845 0 0 0 0 Pb 2.93~2.70 845 0 0 0 0 Zn 0.50~1.94 845 0 0 0 0 $ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{I} $ 40.61~217.86 835 10 0 0 0
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表 8 土壤重金属非致癌健康风险指数（10−4）
Table 8. Non-carcinogenic health risk index of soil heavy metal (10−4)
重金属 $ {{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}}_{_n} $ $ {{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{s}}}_{_n} $ $ {{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{pis}_{n}}} $ $ \mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q} $ As 最大值 1839.78 334.80 1572.62 3737.20 平均值 637.26 115.97 544.72 1297.96 Cd 最大值 6.18 1.50 26.39 34.08 平均值 2.82 0.68 12.03 15.53 Cr 最大值 192.11 — 983.86 1175.96 平均值 126.90 — 649.93 776.84 Cu 最大值 24.11 — — 24.11 平均值 11.28 — — 11.28 Hg 最大值 4.95 — 0.21 5.16 平均值 1.34 — 0.06 1.40 Ni 最大值 51.09 — 485.72 536.81 平均值 28.23 — 268.39 296.62 Zn 最大值 7.98 — — 7.98 平均值 4.17 — — 4.17 HI 最大值 2006.93 335.53 2469.77 4801.23 平均值 811.92 116.66 1474.58 2403.15 注： $ {{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}}_{_n} $ 、$ {{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{s}}}_{_n} $ 、$ {{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}}_{n} $ 分别为经口摄入、皮肤接触、吸入土壤颗粒途径的危害商。
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表 9 土壤重金属致癌健康风险指数（10−8）
Table 9. Carcinogenic health risk index of soil heavy metals (10−8)
重金属 ${\mathrm{CR}}_{{\mathrm{ois}}_{_n}} $ $ {\mathrm{CR}}_{{\mathrm{dcs}}_{_n}}$ $ {\mathrm{CR}}_{{\mathrm{pis}}_{_n}} $ $ \mathrm{C}\mathrm{R} $ As 最大值 1361.68 247.80 0.17 1609.65 平均值 471.66 85.83 0.06 557.55 Cd 最大值 — — 0.72 0.72 平均值 — — 0.33 0.33 Cr 最大值 — — 1.79 1.79 平均值 — — 1.18 1.18 Ni 最大值 — — 18.71 18.71 平均值 — — 10.34 10.34 CR 最大值 1361.68 247.80 21.07 1621.48 平均值 471.67 85.83 11.90 569.40
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表 10 农作物及饮用水重金属非致癌健康风险指数（10−4）
Table 10. Non−carcinogenic health risk index of heavy metal in crops and drinking water (10−4)
重金属 $ {\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{蔬}\mathrm{菜}} $ $ {\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{谷}\mathrm{物}} $ $ {\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{饮}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{水}} $ As 最大值 4955.88 10195.05 43036.08 平均值 3007.43 6181.91 8405.17 Cd 最大值 2485.02 325.95 — 平均值 1328.53 30.45 — Cr 最大值 — — 2579.45 平均值 — — 455.20 Cu 最大值 6544.42 3176.98 225.02 平均值 4517.47 2315.64 29.94 Hg 最大值 — — — 平均值 — — — Ni 最大值 823.03 2347.73 73.71 平均值 290.41 965.02 14.05 Zn 最大值 1621.28 4594.95 151.56 平均值 1136.31 3527.86 32.91 HI 最大值 15197.73 16581.31 43253.44 平均值 10280.15 13021.89 8937.26
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