North−south−trending structure in Jilong Valley, Xizang and its effect on engineering geological safety
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摘要:
研究目的 吉隆沟将是未来西藏穿越喜马拉雅山脉重大工程建设的重要区段，但是对该区基础地质特征认识较为薄弱，特别是对南北向构造的认识不足可能造成潜在的工程建设风险。
研究方法 本文通过野外地质调查、节理统计、音频大地电磁测深、地热调查及U系测年方法系统刻画吉隆沟南北向断层与节理构造特征，分析与南北向构造相关的主要工程地质风险。
研究结果 吉隆沟南北向断层普遍规模较小，少数切穿高喜马拉雅带，同时还是吉隆盆地的控盆断层。吉隆盆地的形成及沉积演化受控于其东界与内部4条南北向正断层，盆地东界断层附近震积岩及内部大量同沉积断层指示盆地具间歇性活动特征。南北向节理呈区域透入性分布，应力分析显示受控于与南北向裂谷相似的应力场。
结论 吉隆沟南北向构造潜在的工程地质风险源包括全新世活动性及其对区域地热和崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的控制作用。提出南北向构造是吉隆沟重大工程规划建设地质安全风险评价的重点关注方向之一。
Abstract:This paper is the result of geological survey engineering.
Objective Jilong Valley will serve as an important segment for significant engineering construction across the Himalayas in Xizang in the coming years. However, the systematic understanding of the fundamental geological characteristics of this area remains insufficient, especially the inadequate comprehension of N−S−trending structures, which may cause unexpected risks during the engineering construction.
Methods This article systematically delineates the structural characteristics of the N−S−trending faults and joints in Jilong Valley through a combination of field geological surveys, joint statistics, audio−frequency magnetotellurics, geothermal investigations, and calcite U−series dating, in order to analyze the primary engineering geological risks associated with these N−S−trending structures.
Results The N−S−trending faults in Jilong Valley are generally small in scale, with a few cutting through the high Himalayan belt, and are also basin−controlling faults in the Jilong Basin. The formation and sedimentary evolution of the Jilong Basin are controlled by four N−S−trending normal faults in its eastern boundary and interior. The presence of seismic rocks near the eastern boundary faults and a large number of syn−sedimentary faults indicate intermittent activity in the basin. The N−S−trending joints exhibit a regional penetrative distribution, and the stress analysis reveals that they are controlled by a stress field similar to that of the N−S−trending rift.
Conclusions The potential engineering geological risk sources associated with the N−S−trending structure in Jilong Valley encompass Holocene activity, as well as the control exerted over regional geothermal activity and geological disasters, including landslide, debris flows and related hazards. It is proposed that the N−S oriented structure represents one of the key focal points for geological safety risk assessment in the planning and construction of major engineering projects in Jilong Valley.
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Key words:
- Jilong Basin /
- N−S−trending structure /
- geological safety risk /
- geological survey engineering /
- Jilong Valley /
- Himalayan /
- Xizang
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表 1 吉隆沟内南北走向节理特征
Table 1. Characteristics of north-south trending joints of Jilong Valley
节理点位 岩石地层 岩性 节理特征 东倾节理 西倾节理 交线（σ2） 应力方向（σ1） 倾向 倾角 倾向 倾角 倾向 倾角 倾向 倾角 特提斯喜马拉雅带 D2106 拉弄拉组 中薄层状灰岩 5~20条/m，形成共轭剪节理，节理中见方解石脉 133 75 280 69.5 209 42 24 48 D2107 聂聂雄拉组 中薄层灰岩 两组共轭，并有大量方解石脉 104 73 262 59.3 186 22 346 67 D2109 普普嘎组 灰岩夹钙质砂岩 约10条/m，两组南北走向的剪节理发育 112 69 265 58.8 191 25 356 65 D2110 曲龙共巴组 钙质泥岩夹钙质砂岩 10~15条/m，两组共轭，其中一组延伸较远，节理中见大量方解石脉 100 83 261 64 186 28 344 60 D2112 色龙群 泥质灰岩 10~20条/m，两组近南北向节理共轭，节理面方解石脉充填 112 64 284 58.3 199 7 355 82 D2113 土龙群 中-厚层状灰岩 8~12条/m，两组南北走向共轭剪节理，见次级张裂脉及近水平擦痕 288 80 251 78.4 254 78 359 3 D2114 江东岩组 黑云斜长片麻岩 节理不甚发育，两组南北走向节理和一组东西走向节理 110 70 280 60 196 12 3 78 D2115 吉隆组 岩屑石英砂岩 10~15条/m，两组共轭剪节理近南北走向，切穿山体，延伸较好 93.4 59 277 84.8 6.5 6 120 76 D2116 纳兴组 岩屑石英砂岩 5~20条/m，两组近南北走向共轭剪节理，向东较为发育 94 63 278 71.5 6.4 4.7 144 83.6 D2117 纳兴组 粉砂岩、砂岩 6~9条/m，两组近南北走向节理共轭，穿越山体，偶见构造角砾 83.4 73 269 84.6 359 3.5 119 83.2 D2119 波曲组 钙质砂岩 3~5条/m，局部密集，共轭剪节理，一组延展较好，见石英脉 102 70 285 48.2 13 2.3 276 79.5 D2121 色龙群 中薄层灰岩 两组较明显南北走向节理，见方解石脉，一组延伸较远，见线理 72.1 73 269 53.5 347 15.5 201 72.5 D2122 色龙群 岩屑石英砂岩 近南北走向共轭剪节理，局部密集，切穿山体，见擦痕，偶有角砾 89.4 76 288 57.3 4.5 20 212 67.6 D2123 吉隆组 长石石英砂岩 两组近南北走向剪节理，其中一组与断层面平行，方解石充填 95.6 62 283 68 9.6 7.6 168 81.8 D2124 石器坡组 粉砂质板岩 两组近南北走向共轭剪节理，4~8条/m，其中一组较为密集 90.2 70 266 62.2 179 5.1 310 82.2 D2128 色龙群 中层状灰岩 两组近南北走向共轭剪节理，切穿山体 100 79 282 61.2 10.9 2.4 261 82.7 D2129 色龙群 中层灰岩 两组近南北走向共轭剪节理，5~20条/m，局部较密集，方解石脉充填 97 68 287 69.9 12 12.4 188 77.6 D2130 波曲组 长石石英砂岩 两组近南北向共轭剪节理，5~12条/m，切穿山体，其中一组不甚发育 89.9 52 259 76.8 173 10.4 41.8 73.4 D2144 甲村组 岩屑石英砂岩 10~15条/m，两组剪节理近南北走向，其中一组较发育 98.5 48 300 79.6 10.2 62 260 10.7 高喜马拉雅带 D2151 肉切村组 云母石英片岩 10~15条/m，共见5组节理；两组共轭剪节理近南北走向，较平直 118 48 300 53.9 28.9 1.5 147 86.9 D2152 中新世岩体 片麻状花岗岩 5~10条/m，节理面平直，两组南北走向节理充填有花岗岩脉 117 49 264 56.9 188 20.3 20 69.1 D2153 中新世岩体 花岗岩 5~8条/m，五组节理较明显；南北走向共轭剪节理其中一组较为发育 101 71 263 37.5 188 10.9 309 69.5 D2154 中新世岩体 片麻状花岗岩 节理不甚发育，3~5条/m，较平直，局部较密集 86.5 37 267 50 357 0.2 267 6.5 D2155 中新世岩体 花岗岩 节理不发育，主体为近南北走向，2~3条/m，平直，见次级节理 94.5 66 266 50.7 182 6.4 312 81.2 D2156 中新世岩体 花岗岩 不发育，1~2条/m，局部5~8条/m，南北走向共轭剪节理最明显 73.5 58 275 50.5 353 14.2 188 75.2 D2157 江东岩组 大理岩 不发育，1~2条/m，偶见西倾节理 271 67 D2158 江东岩组 黑云斜长片麻岩 不发育，1~2条/m，局部5~8条/m，节理平直，西倾较常见 80 55 284 58 2.8 17.3 178 72.6 D2159 江东岩组 眼球状片麻岩 西倾节理3~5条/m，东倾节理10~15条/m 84.3 74 262 64 173 3.3 297 84.9 注：节理产状取节理统计平均值；倾向、倾角单位为°。 
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表 2 吉隆沟钙华U系测年结果
Table 2. U−series dating results for travertines of Jilong Valley
编号 样品号 位置及岩性 238U
/10−9232Th
/10−12230Th/232Th
原子比g234U*
测量值230Th/238U
活度比230Th年龄/
a BP1 D2123U 雍忠日南北向断层钙华 313±0 11324±227 5.1±0.2 1044.8±3.5 0.0111±0.0003 57 2 D2146U 寺庙南北断层擦痕方解石脉 20±0 68730±1377 1.2±0.0 −492.1±8.9 0.2663±0.0088 3 D2212U 夏村古钙华 3248±11 88765±1806 35.2±0.7 90.0±2.4 0.0583±0.0003 6324±623 4 D2221U 扎龙沟南北断层处钙华 6686±25 1127±23 4056.4±84.0 284.4±2.7 0.0415±0.0002 3550±21 5 PM24-42U 夏村南北向断层新生方解石 575±1 1430818±28740 6.6±0.1 7.5±2.7 0.9899±0.0050 310726±222714 注：230Th年龄为校正值，BP代指Before Present, Present为2000A.D.。
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表 3 吉隆沟温泉（钙华）与南北走向构造关系
Table 3. Relationship between hot spring (ancient travertine) and north-south trending structure of Jilong Valley
点号 地质单元 岩性 产状及规模 构造特征及成因 含水情况 时代 D2201 T1-3T 白云岩、灰岩 顺北向坡；高60 m 有东西向新断层 无水 Qp3 D2202 P2-3S 钙质砂岩 顺北向坡；高70 m，宽10 m；钙华呈层状 顺节理发育， 节理73°∠74° 无水 Qp3 D2203 P2-3S 钙质砂岩 顺东向坡；高60 m，宽60 m 顺节理发育，节理99°∠75° 含水 Qh D2204 P1j 长石石英砂岩 2处；顺东向坡；锥形，前缘宽30 m，高约15 m；见层状钙华条带 顺南北向断层发育 含少量水 Qh D2205 P2-3S 岩屑长石砂岩 顺西向坡；扇形，宽50 m，高50 m；钙华为砾石胶结物 顺南北向节理发育，265°∠67° 无水 Qp3 D2206 P2-3S 砂质灰岩，钙质砂岩 见多处，顺西向坡；平面状，高30 m，宽40 m；主体为砾石胶结物，可见条带状钙华 南北向节理发育 无水 Qp3 D2207 P2-3S 钙质砂岩 顺西向坡；见方解石纹层，也作为砾石胶结物 顺节理缝冒出，见小型断层134°∠83° 无水 Qh D2208 T1-3T、T3q 灰岩，钙质砂岩 顺东向坡；高100 m，宽10 m；坡沟多呈条带状，见生长条纹 附近有东西走向逆断层 含水 Qh D2209 P2-3S 砂岩，粉砂岩 顺西向坡；扇形，高60 m，宽30 m；砾石钙质胶结，局部条带状 为东西走向断层标志 无水 Qp D2210 D2-4b 钙质粉砂岩、砂岩 顺西向坡；高100 m，宽30 m；砾石钙质胶结 节理呈波纹状，含方解石，北侧100 m内见东西走向断层 少量水 Qh D2211 不确定 岩性不明 位于小型南向台地，杂草覆盖，见泉眼，有硫磺味 旁有古钙华锥 泉眼 Qh D2212 不确定 岩性不明 顺南向坡；呈长条状，高>100 m，宽约30 m；钙华呈层状，局部见角砾 最上一层方解石可能形成于全新世 无水 Qp3/Qh D2213 J3m 灰岩 顺南向坡；钙华极少 覆盖于坡积物及灰岩表面，推测为岩石溶蚀所致 无水 Qh D2214 S1s 粉砂质绢云板岩 见两处钙化；顺西向坡；规模小，1~3 m3 与南北向小型正断层相关，见断层泥 少量水 Qh D2216 O1-2j 钙质砂岩夹细砂岩 顺东向坡；从沟底冒出，形成小型钙化台地，现在泉水较之前变小，并经常变换泉眼出口；温度>50℃ 见南北向断层285°∠66°，东西走向地层不破碎 有水 Qh D2221 N2w 砂岩、砾岩 东西向沟；钙华台地长约200 m，宽50 m 泉水从南北走向断层破碎带附近流出 泉眼 Qh D2105 N2w 砾岩 见多处泉眼；无钙华 泉水从南北走向张节理缝流出 泉眼 Qh
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