Discusstion on the relationship between taro quality and eco−geological environment in Jibu, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province
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摘要:
研究目的 研究贡芋品质与生态地质环境的关系，探究生态地质环境造就贡芋特殊风味的生态地质学作用机理，可为芋头种植的生态地质环境选择或改良提供科学依据。
研究方法 本研究从地质建造控制、土壤母质溯源以及土壤物理、土壤地球化学和生物地球化学等多角度切入，在贡芋核心区和对照区岩、土、水、植系统采样，矿质元素和有机营养物质系统检测；对农田土壤物理主要指标检测分析；对检测数据用多种方法处理分析，综合研究。
研究结果 （1）体现贡芋独特风味的主要指标蛋白质、能量、碳水化合物、维生素B、淀粉、氨基酸等均高于对照区；（2）植物必需元素K、P、Zn、S等对贡芋风味物质的形成、提高起主要作用，其次为Fe、Mg、Cl、Ni、Mn、Ca、Cu和SOM等；（3）土壤平均粒径偏小，土壤容重、紧实度较低；土壤灼烧减量、pH值适中，土壤水分、土壤Eh值较高，土壤具备良好可耕性。
结论 吉埠贡芋的独特风味是独特的生态地质环境造就优良的土壤物理、土壤地球化学与生物地球化学特性叠加效应的产物。
Abstract:This paper is the result of eco−geological survey engineering.
Objective The research of relationship between the quality of taro and eco−geological environment, and the eco−geological mechanism of the eco−geological environment creating the special flavor of taro, can provide a scientific basis for the selection or improvement of the eco−geological environment for taro planting.
Methods The geological construction control, soil parent material traceability, soil physics, soil geochemistry, biogeochemistry were carried out. Systematic sampling of rocks, soil, water and plants was collected in the core area and the control area of the taro. The mineral elements, organic nutrients and main indexes of physical properties of farmland soil were detected. The test data were analyzed and processed by a variety of methods and studied comprehensively.
Results (1) The main indexes reflecting the unique flavor of taro were higher than those in the control area, such as protein, energy, carbohydrate, vitamin B, starch, amino acid, etc. (2) The essential elements K, P, Zn and S played a major role in the formation and improvement of taro flavor substances, followed by Fe, Mg, Cl, Ni, Mn, Ca, Cu and SOM. (3) The average soil particle size is small, the soil bulk density and soil compactness is low, the soil burning reduction and pH value is moderate, and the soil moisture and soil Eh value is higher, the soil is well cultivable.
Conclusions The unique flavor of Jibu taro is the product of the superposition effect of excellent soil physical, soil geochemical and biogeochemical characteristics caused by a unique eco−geological environment.
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表 1 芋头种植区农用地土壤重金属含量
Table 1. Content of heavy metals in agricultural soil in taro planting area
调查区 Cd Hg As Pb Cr Cu Ni Zn pH 风险筛选值 0.30 0.50 30.00 80.00 250.00 150.00 60.00 200.00 — 贡芋核心区 0.09 0.08 6.65 27.28 50.00 22.52 14.62 68.92 5.40 拟拓展区 0.17 0.07 9.04 31.65 52.23 24.40 15.80 76.35 5.32 二级阶地 0.10 0.09 11.20 26.00 61.00 23.18 15.56 66.58 5.72 花岗岩区 0.07 0.05 6.41 19.50 13.20 14.20 3.74 65.40 4.93 白垩系碎屑岩区 0.16 0.12 6.89 34.27 57.73 28.60 16.13 82.70 5.28 变质岩地区 0.17 0.09 9.40 34.13 53.27 23.40 19.43 71.10 4.97 注：元素含量单位为mg/kg，pH无量纲。 
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表 2 不同成土母质区根系土壤主要营养素含量
Table 2. Contents of main nutrients in root-soil in different soil parent materials
取样位置 参考值 核心区均值 拟拓展区均值 二级阶地均值 花岗岩区均值 白垩系碎屑岩区均值 变质岩区均值 Si — 37.17 36.29 38.91 29.34 37.02 34.91 Fe 2.88 1.96 1.96 1.80 1.72 2.34 2.07 Mg 0.39 0.27 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.30 0.30 Ca 0.09 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.08 0.17 0.32 K 2.21 2.06 2.22 1.37 4.31 1.63 1.65 Na 0.24 0.24 0.27 0.16 0.64 0.15 0.12 P 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.08 TN 1.52 1.76 1.25 1.66 1.86 1.60 1.01 S 382 313 260 240 360 577 363 Cl 41.7 32.1 33.3 31.5 111 51.8 36.7 Mn 377 232 281 219 348 258 537 B 45.3 88.9 106 73.9 245 47.0 78.7 Zn 69.4 69.0 76.8 71.8 78.4 77.3 71.1 Cu 20.3 22.8 25.1 24.8 15.5 26.8 23.4 Ni 18.9 14.6 16.2 13.9 4.70 15.1 19.4 Mo 0.50 0.85 0.69 0.79 0.54 1.27 0.55 AN 119 167 125 168 179 176 106 AP 17.3 32.9 44.6 6.08 15.5 5.76 53.1 AK 109 328 239 207 369 293 482 SOM 25.8 32.1 21.5 31.1 34.1 29.5 19.1 pH 4.8 5.8 5.6 6.1 4.4 5.6 6.2 注：TN参考刘占军（2014），AN、AP、AK参考黄忠财（2014），SOM参考杨帆等（2017），S参考黄运湘等（2001），Cl参考江泽普等（1993），其余均参考魏复盛（1990）。TN单位为g/kg，pH、SOM无量纲，Si、Fe、Mg、Ca、K、Na、P元素含量单位为%，其余元素含量单位均为mg/kg。
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表 3 不同成土母质区芋头部分矿质元素含量
Table 3. Contents of some mineral elements in taro in different soil parent materials
分区 Cu Zn Se P K Mn Ca Mg Fe Na 中国食物成分表 0.060 0.190 0.910 50.00 25.00 0.300 11.0 19.000 0.300 5.500 核心区 0.163 0.572 0.661 59.03 39.35 0.584 20.1 26.167 1.858 2.413 拟拓展区 0.164 0.587 0.627 68.75 45.72 0.504 22.0 27.45 1.890 2.398 二级阶地 0.190 0.630 0.482 57.60 35.10 0.407 21.6 28.900 1.550 1.150 花岗岩区 0.131 0.773 0.940 56.30 37.40 1.920 14.8 17.400 1.118 3.30 白垩系碎屑岩区 0.193 0.897 0.845 64.80 47.30 1.121 27.7 29.167 2.973 3.883 变质岩地区 0.135 0.483 0.852 49.533 45.60 0.898 19.5 25.267 1.940 2.410 注：按《中国食物成分表》Se含量单位为µg/100 g，其余元素含量单位为mg/100 g。
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表 4 不同成土母质区芋头有机营养物质含量
Table 4. Contents of organic nutrients in taro in different soil parent materials
样区 能量 蛋白质 脂肪 碳水化合物 膳食纤维 维生素E 维生素B1 维生素B2 维生素C β-胡萝卜素 淀粉 烟酸 水分 中国食物成分表 56 1.30 0.20 12.70 1.000 — 0.050 0.020 1.50 — — 0.28 78.6 核心区 262 1.94 0.30 12.43 0.869 0.196 0.046 0.030 5.03 7.853 9.377 0.39 82.5 拟拓展区 244 1.80 0.28 11.55 0.865 0.215 0.044 0.034 4.86 8.692 9.150 0.35 82.6 二级阶地 239 1.37 0.20 11.80 0.925 0.053 0.040 0.026 4.70 5.120 9.210 0.46 81.0 花岗岩区 241 1.94 0.50 10.80 0.770 0.248 0.040 0.030 5.03 9.410 10.100 0.40 87.5 白垩系碎屑岩区 247 1.81 0.33 11.57 0.883 0.080 0.045 0.029 5.14 5.263 9.253 0.37 83.8 变质岩区 254 1.70 0.40 12.00 0.791 0.267 0.034 0.034 5.50 10.223 9.107 0.43 83.2 注：蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、膳食纤维、淀粉、水分单位g/100 g，维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、烟酸单位为mg/100 g，β−胡萝卜素单位为μg/100 g，维生素E单位为mg α−TE/100 g，能量单位为kJ/100 g。
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表 5 不同成土母质区芋艿氨基酸含量
Table 5. Amino acid contents of taro in different soil parent materials
分区 Asp Thr Ser Glu Pro Gly Ala Val Mrt Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg Cys Trp TAA 核心区均值 0.208 0.063 0.076 0.168 0.084 0.073 0.083 0.083 0.017 0.050 0.115 0.060 0.085 0.070 0.033 0.095 0.027 0.074 1.464 拟拓展区 0.200 0.060 0.073 0.153 0.081 0.069 0.081 0.077 0.014 0.046 0.106 0.056 0.080 0.065 0.031 0.089 0.026 0.024 1.328 二级阶地 0.210 0.060 0.077 0.150 0.090 0.066 0.079 0.080 0.013 0.044 0.100 0.050 0.076 0.060 0.028 0.087 0.030 0.035 1.335 花岗岩区 0.190 0.059 0.068 0.150 0.082 0.069 0.083 0.078 0.016 0.046 0.110 0.052 0.076 0.065 0.031 0.083 0.026 0.020 1.304 白垩系碎屑岩区 0.210 0.064 0.079 0.160 0.085 0.072 0.083 0.082 0.016 0.049 0.110 0.057 0.084 0.072 0.032 0.092 0.027 0.025 1.399 变质岩地区 0.197 0.064 0.073 0.160 0.081 0.074 0.089 0.083 0.019 0.052 0.120 0.060 0.084 0.071 0.033 0.094 0.029 0.020 1.402 注：氨基酸含量单位为g/100 g。
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表 6 根系土壤矿质元素及有机质对芋艿有机营养物质含量贡献值较高的相关系数及主成分一览
Table 6. Correlation coefficients and principal components with high contribution of mineral elements and organic matter in root soil to taro organic nutrient content
元素 能量 蛋白质 脂肪 碳水化合物 膳食纤维 维生素E 维生素B1 维生素B2 维生素C β-胡萝卜素 淀粉 烟酸 水分 N ○ ○● ○● ○● ○ ○ P ○● ○● k ○ ○ ○ Ca ○● ○● Mg ○ ○ ○ S ○ ○ ○● ○ ○ Si ○● ○ ○ ○● Cl ○ ○● ○● ○ Fe ○● ○● ○ ○ ○● Mn ○ ○● B ○ ○● ○● Na ○ Zn ○● ○● Cu ○● ○ ○● Ni ○ ○ ○● ○ ○ ○● Mo ○● ○ ○● ○● ○● ○● AN ○ ○● ○● ○ ○ AP ○● ○● ○● AK ○ ○● ○● ○ ○ ○● SOM ○ ○● ○● ○ ○ 注：○—相关系数，●—主成分。
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表 7 芋艿氨基酸含量与植物必需元素和有机质相关系数及贡献度较大的主成分一览
Table 7. The correlation coefficient and principal components with a larger contribution within amino acid content of taro and essential elements and organic matter
元素 Asp Thr Ser Glu Pro Gly Ala Val Mrt Ile Leu Tyr Phe Lys His Arg Cys Trp TAA N ○ ○ ○ P ○● ○● ○● ○ ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● k ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○● ○ ○ ○ ○ Ca ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● Mg ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○● ○ ○ ○ S ○● ○ ○ ○ ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● Si ○● Cl ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○● ○● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Fe ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● Mn ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● B ○● Na ○● ○● ○● ○ Zn ○● ○ ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● Cu ○ ○ ○● ○● ○● ○● Ni ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Mo ○● AN ○ ○ ○ AP AK ○● ○● ○● ○● ○● ○ ○ ○● SOM ○ ○ 注：○—相关系数，●—主成分。
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表 8 元素相关系数与主成分较高贡献值出现频度统计
Table 8. Frequency of higher contribution values of element correlation coefficient and principal component
元素 K P Zn S Fe Mg Cl Ni Ca Mn Cu N Na Mo SOM Si B 总频度 101 96 88 85 77 59 59 55 46 43 39 31 29 19 19 14 11
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表 9 部分必需元素在不同成土母质区岩－土系统含量排序
Table 9. Content ordering of some essential elements in rock-soil systems in different soil parent materials
元素 母岩 岩石 自然土壤 水系沉积物 农田土壤 根系土壤 P 花岗岩区 1 1 1 1 1 碎屑岩区 3 3 2 3 3 变质岩区 2 2 3 2 2 K 花岗岩区 1 1 1 1 1 碎屑岩区 3 3 2 3 3 变质岩区 2 2 3 2 2 Cl 花岗岩区 3 3 3 3 3 碎屑岩区 1 2 1 2 1 变质岩区 2 1 2 1 2 Mn 花岗岩区 1 2 1 1 1 碎屑岩区 3 3 3 3 3 变质岩区 2 1 2 2 2 B 花岗岩区 1 1 1 1 1 碎屑岩区 2 2 2 3 3 变质岩区 3 3 3 2 2 Cu 花岗岩区 3 3 3 3 3 碎屑岩区 2 2 2 2 1 变质岩区 1 1 1 1 2 Ni 花岗岩区 3 3 3 3 3 碎屑岩区 2 2 2 2 2 变质岩区 1 1 1 1 1
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表 10 不同成土母质区农田土壤物理性质差异
Table 10. Differences of physical properties of farmland soil within different soil parent materials
土壤分区 土壤平均粒径D50/mm 土壤容重/(g/cm3) 土壤紧实度/(kg/cm2) 土壤水分/% Eh/mV pH LOI/% 一级阶地 0.18 1.12 13.18 52.36 495.56 5.36 4.96 二级阶地 0.19 1.21 13.95 46.97 453.52 5.39 4.76 花岗岩区 0.45 1.08 20.47 35.40 429.80 4.85 7.34 白垩系碎屑岩区 0.31 1.27 20.49 42.49 421.26 5.16 3.84 变质岩区 0.13 1.40 23.77 41.87 413.18 4.65 4.83 注：贡芋核心区在一级阶地。
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表 11 硼过高影响植物对铁的吸收(mg/kg)
Table 11. Excessive B affects the absorption of Fe by plants
取样位置 根系土壤B 根系土壤Fe 芋艿Fe 核心区 88.88 19594.86 18.58 花岗岩区 245 17228.55 11.18 白垩系碎屑岩区 46.93 23453.21 29.73 变质岩区 78.7 20678.93 19.40 罗汾 94.2 20632.3 32.6 左龙寨 465 13498.42 6.78 塘尾 37.5 18324.28 41.3 孟坑 51.7 16016.26 18.2 注：罗汾（核心区）、左龙寨（花岗岩区）、塘尾（白垩系碎屑岩区）、孟坑（变质岩区）。
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