Research status and progress of carbon isotope in soil−vegetation−ecology−environment
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摘要:
研究目的 近几十年来，稳定碳同位素理论逐渐完善，并随着测试技术的进步和发展，碳同位素分析变得更加精确和高效。碳同位素示踪技术作为一种强大的工具，广泛应用于土壤−植被−生态−环境研究中，并发挥着重要作用。
研究方法 本文通过查阅大量碳同位素技术应用方面的文献，综述了国内外关于稳定碳同位素技术的原理及实践应用的最新研究进展。
研究结果 利用稳定碳同位素技术，可有效识别煤、石油、天然气等天然有机物的成因来源。通过洞穴石笋、黄土沉积物、湖泊沉积物、树轮、海洋有孔虫、海相碳酸盐岩和冰芯等不同地质体中的碳同位素组成的变化，可以有效地反演全球气候变化。此外，碳稳定同位素还被用于示踪土壤有机碳碳地球化学循环，解决干旱—半干旱地区无机碳汇源转化与碳库识别等问题。
结论 稳定碳同位素技术广泛应用于煤−石油−天然气领域、全球气候变化、表生系统有机碳循环和无机碳汇源等领域的研究中，取得了大量研究成果，未来随着仪器设备和测试技术的不断进步，相关理论和研究方法将日趋成熟与完善，碳同位素示踪必将发挥更大的作用。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological suvery engineering.
Objective In recent decades, the theory of stable carbon isotopes has been gradually perfected, and with the progress and development of testing techniques, carbon isotope analysis has become more accurate and efficient. As a powerful tool, carbon isotope tracer technology is widely used in soil−vegetation−ecology−environment research and plays an important role.
Methods In this paper, a large number of literatures on the application of carbon isotope technology are reviewed, and the latest research progress on the principle and practical application of stable carbon isotope technology at home and abroad is reviewed.
Results Using stable carbon isotope technology, the genetic source of natural organic matter such as coal, oil and natural gas can be effectively identified. Global climate change can be effectively retrieved through the changes of carbon isotope composition in different geological bodies such as cave stalagmites, loess sediments, lake sediments, tree rings, Marine foraminifera, Marine carbonate rocks and ice cores. In addition, carbon stable isotopes are also used to trace the geochemical cycle of soil organic carbon, and solve the problems of inorganic carbon sink transformation and carbon pool identification in arid and semi−arid areas.
Conclusions Stable carbon isotope technology has been widely used in the research of coal−oil−natural gas field, global climate change, organic carbon cycle in superorganism system and inorganic carbon sink source, and has achieved a lot of research results. In the future, with the continuous progress of equipment and testing technology, relevant theories and research methods will become increasingly mature and perfect, and carbon isotope tracer will play a greater role.
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图 1 一些重要地质体的碳同位素组成（据魏菊英等，1988修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 Mesopotamian盆地南部油田早白垩世碎屑岩海相石油Sofer图（据Al−Khafaji et al., 2021）
Figure 2.
图 3 西部凹陷高升雷家地区未熟油碳同位素类型曲线（据李美俊等，2000）
Figure 3.
图 4 油藏与烃源岩单体烃同位素对比（据杨易卓等，2022）
Figure 4.
图 5 中国大气田C1-4碳同位素箱线图（据戴金星等，2024）
Figure 5.
图 7 川西坳陷侏罗系气藏连井剖面图（据叶素娟等，2017）
Figure 7.
图 8 川西坳陷须家河组四段天然气运移（据沈忠民等，2011）
Figure 8.
图 9 马达加斯加Anjohibe洞穴石笋AB2（橙色）和AB3（蓝色）的碳稳定同位素的时间序列（据Burns et al., 2016）
Figure 9.
图 10 黄土中碳同位素不同载体类型综合对比图（据徐向春等，2021）
Figure 10.
图 13 通过WAIS Divide冰芯中CO2重建的过去千年间大气CO2浓度及其δ13C值的变化情况（据Bauska et al., 2015）
Figure 13.
图 14 （a）全球甲烷浓度（[CH4]）和（b）全球甲烷稳定碳同位素比率（
${{\delta }^{13}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{C}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}}} $ ）的时间序列Figure 14.
表 1 不同研究者提出的煤成气和油型气的δ13C2值界定范围
Table 1. Different researchers have proposed a range for defining the δ13C2 values of coal−formed gas and oil-based gas
研究者 油型气 煤成气 戴金星，1993 δ13C2＜−28.8‰ δ13C2＞−25.1‰ 王玲辉等，2008 δ13C2＜−28‰ δ13C2＞−28‰ 宋成鹏等，2009 δ13C2＜−27.5‰ δ13C2＞−27.5‰ 宋岩和徐永昌，2005 δ13C2＜−29‰ δ13C2＞−26‰ 胡国艺等，2007 δ13C2＜−29‰ δ13C2＞−27‰ 
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表 2 不同研究者建立的天然气δ13C1与成熟度Ro关系式
Table 2. Relationship between δ13C1 and maturity Ro of natural gas established by different researchers
研究者 δ13C1和Ro关系式 油型气 煤成气 Stahl and Carey, 1975 δ13C1 = 17lgRo − 42 δ13C1 = 8.6lgRo − 28 戴金星，1993 δ13C1 = 15.80lgRo − 42.21 δ13C1 = 14.13lgRo − 34.39 陈安定等，1991 δ13C1 = 14.18lnRo − 43.5 δ13C1 = 5.41lnRo − 33.25 陈建平等，2021 δ13C1 = 25lgRo − 37.5 δ13C1 = 25lgRo − 42.5
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表 3 脉冲标记法和连续标记法的比较（据葛体达等，2020）
Table 3. Comparison between pulse marking method and continuous marking method（after Ge Tida et al., 2020）
脉冲标记法 连续标记法 标记持续时间 短（小时或天） 植物生长的全部时期 CO2输入的同位素组成变化 时间短而丰度高 时间长（不一定需要高丰度），长期持续富集 应用 简单 复杂 成本 便宜 昂贵 目的 不同生长阶段植物−土壤系统的碳流动力学 可以达到脉冲标记的所有目的 地下碳分配 植物碳在CO2，微生物生物量碳，可溶性有机质和
土壤有机质等中的分配净碳同化 植物碳分配的季节动态 植物根系和土壤呼吸 根际激发效应 新同化碳的命运（分配和运输） 碳转移速度 碳输入到土壤中 在特定的植物生长阶段 在植物生长的整个时期 缺点 特定生长阶段不能代表整个生长时期，同位素丰
度在植物整株中分布不均匀需要特殊设备长期标记植物 同位素丰度随时间变化 为保证空气湿度，需要良好的温度控制和空气循环系统
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表 4 基于δ13C值估算的不同地区土壤无机碳PC与LC占比
Table 4. Estimated percentage of soil inorganic carbon PC and LC in different regions based on δ13C values
地点 PC占比/% PC含量/(g/kg) 文献来源 塔里木盆地阿拉尔垦区 1.33~35.7 1.34~56.36 李杨梅等，2018 俄罗斯 20~50 / Morgun et al., 2008 俄罗斯 66.8~73.8 26.9~60.1 Ryskov et al., 2008 美国德克萨斯州 2~11，9~20，60~70，17~100 / Nordt et al., 1998 以色列 30~60 / Magaritz and Amiel, 1980
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