Exploration and research progress of magmatic copper−nickel−cobalt sulfide deposits in the north−eastern margin of the Qinghai−Tibetan Plateau
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摘要:
研究目的 为提升我国Cu−Ni−Co资源供应安全，有必要梳理青藏高原东北缘东昆仑造山带的岩浆型铜镍钴硫化物矿床的的成矿规律与找矿标志。
研究方法 为建立矿床勘查模型，本文剖析了代表性岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的地质特征与成因，并系统总结了东昆仑地区晚奥陶世—早志留世、中晚志留世—早中泥盆世、早石炭世、中二叠世—早三叠世、中—晚三叠世5期基性−超基性侵入杂岩体的矿物学、岩石学、年代学、地球化学和地球物理特征。
研究结果 东昆仑在显生宙存在2期岛弧基性或基性—超基性岩体：（1）原特提斯洋向北俯冲背景下形成的晚奥陶世—早志留世的基性岩体；（2）中二叠世—早三叠世的古特提斯洋俯冲形成的基性—超基性岩体；与之对应，存在2期碰撞后伸展基性—超基性岩体，分别为中晚志留世—早中泥盆世和中晚三叠世。辉石岩地幔可能是东昆仑部分岩浆型镍矿床的源区，板块断离−折返模型可较好解释岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床成矿年龄与高压—超高压退变质年龄一致的现象。针对幔源岩浆硫化物饱和机制，大体识别了有利地壳混染与有害地壳混染的种类，并深入分析结晶分异对硫化物饱和影响，提出了矿体优选赋存的位置，对比了成矿岩体与非成矿岩体在构造、岩石类型、矿物学、时代、蚀变、围岩种类代表性差异。
结论 建立了东昆仑造山带岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床的地质−地球化学−地球物理综合信息勘查模型。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective To improve the supply security of Cu−Ni−Co resources in China, it is necessary to sort out the mineralization regularity and prospecting indicators of the magmatic copper−nickel−cobalt sulfide deposit in the Phanerozoic in the Eastern Kunlun orogenic belt on the northern margin of the Qinghai−Tibet Plateau.
Methods To establish the exploration model, this paper analyzed the geological characteristics and genesis of representative magmatic copper-nickel sulfide deposits, and the geological, geochronology, geochemistry, and geophysical characteristics of five stages mafic−ultramafic complexes including the Late Ordovician−Early Silurian, the Middle Silurian−Middle Devonian, the Early Carboniferous, the Middle Permian−Early Triassic, and the Middle−Late Triassic are summarized.
Results There are two stages of island arc mafic or basic−ultramafic rocks in the East Kunlun during the Phanerozoic: (1) Mafic rocks formed in the Late Ordovician−Early Silurian during the northward subduction of the Proto−Tethys Ocean; (2) Mafic−ultramafic rocks formed due to the subduction of the Paleo−Tethys Ocean in the Middle Permian−Early Triassic. Correspondingly, there are two stages of post−collision extensional mafic−ultramafic rocks: From Middle−Late Silurian to Early−Middle Devonian and Middle−Late Triassic. The pyroxenite mantle may be the source of some magmatic nickel deposits in the East Kunlun, and the plate break−off model can explain the phenomenon that the mineralization age of magmatic copper−nickel−cobalt sulfide deposits is nearly same to the high−pressure−ultrahigh−pressure retrograde metamorphism age. Regarding the sulfide saturation mechanism of mantle−derived magma, the types of favorable crustal contamination and harmful crustal contamination were roughly identified, and the influence of crystal differentiation on sulfide saturation was analyzed. The preferred location of ore bodies was proposed, and the representative differences between ore−forming and non−ore−forming rock bodies in geological structure, rock type, mineralogy, age, alteration type, and surrounding rock types were compared.
Conclusions Finally, this paper established a geological−geochemical−geophysical comprehensive information exploration model for magmatic copper−nickel−cobalt sulfide deposits in the East Kunlun orogenic belt.
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图 4 夏日哈木岩体氧逸度与岛弧阿拉斯加型岩体氧逸度的对比（Liu et al., 2018）
Figure 4.
图 5 结晶过程中SCSS变化情况的定量模拟（Liu et al., 2018）
Figure 5.
图 8 石头坑德矿区ZK4001岩相、镍含量与εNd(t)、(87Sr/86Sr)i的对应关系（Zhang et al., 2018）
Figure 8.
图 10 夏日哈木、冰沟南、开木琪基性—超基性岩的橄榄石和单斜辉石成分对比（Liu et al., 2019）
Figure 10.
表 1 东昆仑造山带代表性基性—超基性岩体（不含岩墙）年龄
Table 1. Age of typical mafic−ultramafic complexes (excluding rock walls) in the Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt
岩体 测试对象 时代/Ma 方法 来源 夏日哈木I号 淡色辉长岩 447 ± 1 LA−MC−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 王冠, 2014 夏日哈木I号 0号勘探线探槽中的辉长岩 439 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 姜常义等, 2015 夏日哈木I号 ZK1905的 430 m处的辉长岩 431 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Li et al., 2015 胡晓钦 辉长岩 438 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 刘彬等, 2013 夏日哈木I号 岩体上部条带状辉长岩 394 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 李世金等, 2012 夏日哈木I号 0号勘探线北部辉长苏长岩 406 ± 3 SHRIMP锆石U−Pb Song et al., 2016 夏日哈木I号 0线勘探线地表的二辉岩 408 ± 3 SHRIMP锆石U−Pb Song et al., 2016 夏日哈木I号 ZK203的二辉岩 406 ± 3 SHRIMP锆石U−Pb Song et al., 2016 夏日哈木I号 ZK5E07S−347 m+ ZK1501S−340 m的二辉岩 412 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Li et al., 2015 夏日哈木I号 ZK1309、ZK1307和ZK0E09块状硫化物 408 ± 11 Re−Os同位素等时年龄 Li et al., 2020 夏日哈木I号 辉长岩 423 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Li et al., 2020 夏日哈木I号 超基性岩 423 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Li et al., 2020 夏日哈木I号 ZK5E07S的340~350 m非矿化橄辉岩 413 ± 4 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 张照伟等, 2015 夏日哈木I号 ZK1109的辉长苏长岩 423 ± 1 LA−MC−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 王冠等, 2014 夏日哈木I号 ZK1501S的330~340 m非矿化橄辉岩 411 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 张照伟等, 2015 夏日哈木II号 辉长岩 423 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Li et al., 2020 夏日哈木II号 辉长岩 424 ± 1 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Peng et al., 2016 夏日哈木II号 辉长岩 385 ± 4 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 段建华等, 2017 夏日哈木II号 辉长岩 430 ± 5 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 段建华等, 2017 夏日哈木II号 辉长岩 424 ± 5 SHRIMP锆石U−Pb 杜玮等, 2017 夏日哈木IV号 辉长岩 423 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Li et al., 2020 希望沟 含矿辉石橄榄岩 407 ± 5 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 孔会磊等, 2019a 冰沟南 辉长岩 427 ± 7 LA−MC−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 何书跃等, 2017 阿克楚克塞I号 辉长岩 422 ± 10 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Yan et al., 2020 阿克楚克塞IV号 辉长岩 424 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Yan et al., 2019b 水仙南 辉长岩 420 ± 1 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Yan et al., 2019a 德探沟 辉长岩 413 ± 1 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Yan et al., 2019a 向阳沟西 辉长岩 399 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Yan et al., 2019a 玛兴大湾 辉长岩 397 ± 1 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Yan et al., 2019c 尕牙河东沟 单辉橄榄岩 420 ± 1 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Norbu et al., 2020 玉古萨依 角闪辉长岩 406 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 孟杰等, 2019 玉古萨依 角闪辉长岩 405 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Hu et al., 2023 浪木日4号 含矿橄榄辉石岩 439 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 孟庆鹏, 2019 浪木日2号 辉石橄榄岩 429 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 田楠, 2022 石头坑德 辉长岩 424 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 周伟, 2016 石头坑德 Zk7201的132 m辉长岩 425 ± 4 SHRIMP锆石U−Pb Zhang et al., 2018 石头坑德 辉长苏长岩 421 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Jia et al., 2021 石头坑德 橄榄二辉岩 420 ± 6 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Jia et al., 2021 石头坑德 橄榄二辉岩 424 ± 6 SIMS锆石U−Pb Jia et al., 2021 石头坑德 ZK001橄榄二辉岩 422 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Li et al., 2018 石头坑德 ZK001辉长岩 426 ± 6 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Li et al., 2018 石头坑德 ZK003的橄榄二辉岩 418 ± 9 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Li et al., 2021 石头坑德 ZK4001的38 m橄榄二辉岩 334 ± 4 SHRIMP锆石U−Pb Zhang et al., 2018 希望沟 橄榄辉长岩 266 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 孔会磊等, 2021 希望沟 橄榄辉石岩 262 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 孔会磊等, 2019b 希望沟 辉长岩 271 ± 1 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 李玉龙等, 2018 加当 辉长岩 263 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 孔会磊等, 2017 加当 橄榄辉长岩 250 ± 3 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 孔会磊等, 2018 白日其利 角闪辉长岩 249 ± 4 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 熊富浩等, 2011 开木琪 二辉岩 221 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Liu et al., 2019 开木琪 辉长岩 222 ± 1 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb Fan et al., 2023 约格鲁 角闪辉长岩 239 ± 6 SHRIMP锆石U−Pb 刘成东等, 2004 小尖山 辉长岩 228 ± 1 LA−MC−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 奥琮等, 2015 阿克楚克塞 辉长岩 219 ± 1 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 杨锡铭等, 2018 拉陵高里2号 辉长岩 245 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 王亚磊等, 2017 拉陵高里3号 辉长岩 238 ± 4 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 王亚磊等, 2017 达拉库岸 辉长岩 244 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb 夏明哲等, 2018 石灰沟外滩 角闪辉长岩 219 ± 1 角闪石39Ar−40Ar坪年龄 罗照华等, 2002 肯德可克 辉长岩 208 ± 2 斜长石39Ar−40Ar坪年龄 赵财胜等, 2006 
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表 2 东昆仑榴辉岩、榴闪岩锆石同位素年龄
Table 2. Zircon isotopic age of eclogite in the Eastern Kunlun
位置 岩石 原岩年龄/Ma 榴辉岩相
变质年龄/Ma退变质
年龄/Ma测定方法 资料来源 温泉 细粒榴辉岩 934 SHRIMP Meng et al., 2013 温泉 粗粒榴辉岩 428 ± 2 LA−MC−ICP−MS Meng et al., 2013 温泉 榴辉岩 451 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS 贾丽辉等, 2014 温泉 榴辉岩中
石英脉450 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS 贾丽辉等, 2014 苏海图 榴辉岩 411 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS 祁生胜等, 2014 夏日哈木III号 榴辉岩 436 409 LA−MC−ICP−MS 张照伟等, 2017 夏日哈木II号岩体西 榴辉岩 777~773 415 ± 6 LA-ICP-MS 潘彤和张勇, 2020 夏日哈木PM4剖面 退变榴辉岩 414 ± 7 SIMS 郭峰等, 2020 五龙沟西 榴辉岩 650~520 451 ± 4 LA−ICP−MS 熊富浩和马昌前, 2016 加当 榴闪岩 934 ± 15 440 ± 13 LA−ICP−MS 国显正等, 2018 浪木日上游 榴辉岩 432 ± 2 LA−ICP−MS 祁晓鹏等, 2016 浪木日 榴闪岩 445 415 LA−ICP−MS 田楠, 2022 大格勒 榴辉岩 433 ± 5 LA−ICP−MS Du et al., 2017 柯克特 榴辉岩 427 ± 1 410.5 ± 2 SIMS Song et al., 2018 艾日克汗森 榴辉岩 435 ± 4 LA−ICP−MS 王启蒙, 2020
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表 3 东昆仑代表性基性−超基性岩体特征
Table 3. The geological feature of typical mafic−ultramafic intrusions
岩体 面积/km2 形状 岩相 含矿岩相 矿石特征 围岩 m/f 来源 夏日哈木I号 1.2 向西倾伏的岩床 辉长岩、斜方辉石岩、二辉岩、方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、单辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩 辉石岩、纯橄岩 块状、海绵陨铁状矿石、稠密浸染状、稀疏浸染状、星点状、脉状矿石 金水口岩群片麻状花岗岩（含星点状硫化物）和大理岩（含星点状硫化物） 2.06~6.3 Li et al., 2015;
Song et al., 2016;
Liu et al., 2018;
Wang et al., 2019夏日哈木II号 0.15 长方形 辉长岩、辉石岩 辉长岩、辉石岩 浸染状硫化物 古元古界金水
口群白沙河岩组2.32~4.08 Peng et al., 2016;
杜玮等, 2017;
段建华等, 2017阿克楚克塞I号 0.008 椭圆状 单斜辉石岩、角闪单斜辉石岩、辉长岩 角闪单斜辉石岩、单斜辉石岩 浸染状硫化物 滩间山群大理岩 0.36~2.96 Yan et al., 2020 阿克楚克塞IV号 0.1 圆形 橄榄辉石岩、辉石岩、辉长岩 辉石岩 海绵陨铁状硫化物、脉状硫化物、浸染状硫化物 滩间山群大理岩 0.87~0.92 Yan et al., 2019b;
赵拓飞, 2021冰沟南镍矿化点 4 近正方形 辉石岩、辉长岩 辉石岩 浸染状硫化物 中元古代狼牙山组片岩夹大理岩 2.5~2.9 王冠, 2014;
张照伟等, 2017水仙南 0.32 椭圆形 角闪辉石岩、角闪苏长岩、辉石角闪石岩，角闪辉长岩 角闪辉长岩 浸染状硫化物 金水口岩群白沙河岩组 0.8~3.8 Yan et al., 2019a 玉古萨依 0.6 呈岩席−岩
床状产出方辉橄榄岩、橄榄斜方辉石岩, 角闪斜方辉石岩, 角闪辉长岩 角闪斜方辉石岩 斑状或浸染状硫化物 祁漫塔格岩群变砂岩 1.1~3.7 孟杰等, 2019；Hu et al., 2023 浪木日IV
号岩体0.2~0.8 椭圆状 辉石橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩、辉石岩、辉长岩 辉石橄榄岩、辉石岩 浸染状硫化物、块状硫化物 白沙河岩组片麻岩 1.0~5.3 孟庆鹏, 2019 希望沟 2.1 近正方形 辉长岩、橄榄辉长岩、橄榄辉石岩、辉石橄榄岩 辉石橄榄岩 稀疏浸染状矿石 古元古界白沙河组片麻岩 孔会磊等, 2019a 尕牙河东沟 0.2 呈岩席−岩
床状产出辉长岩、单辉橄榄岩 单辉橄榄岩 稀疏浸染状矿石 古元古界白沙河组片麻岩和大理岩 2.84~3.75 Norbu et al., 2020 石头坑德 4 岩床状 辉长岩相岩石包括辉长岩、暗色橄榄辉长岩；辉石岩相岩石包括单斜辉石岩、二辉岩和斜方辉石岩；橄榄岩相岩石包括单辉橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩。 二辉岩 星点状构造、稀疏浸染状构造、稠密浸染状构造、团块状构造、准块状构造、脉状构造 主要为金水口岩群白沙河岩组的黑云斜长片麻岩（含星点状硫化物, 局部与中−新元古代万宝沟群大理岩接触（未见硫化物） 1.93~5.96 周伟, 2016;
Li et al., 2018;
Zhang et al., 2018;
Wang et al., 2020达拉库岸 0.1 长条状 二辉橄榄岩、单辉橄榄
岩、橄榄二辉岩、单斜辉石岩和辉长岩二辉橄榄岩 星点状构造、稠密浸染状构造 华力西中期的花岗
岩、二长花岗岩3.1~5.1 夏明哲等, 2018 开木琪镍矿化点 2.01 近圆形 二辉岩、辉长岩、少量辉石橄榄岩 辉石岩 星点状构造 晚三叠世黑云母二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、闪长岩 Liu et al., 2019;
Fan et al., 2023小尖山基性−超基性岩体 1.5 正方形 中心为橄榄辉长岩, 边部为辉长岩 无 无 晚三叠世中细粒二长花岗岩、晚三叠世中粒石英闪长岩 1.5~2.9 奥琮等, 2015 拉陵高里沟
脑2号岩体0.045 粗粒辉长岩、小范围出露的 细粒辉石岩 辉石岩 辉石岩中见零星磁黄铁矿化 古元古代金水口岩群 王亚磊等, 2017 拉陵高里沟
脑3号岩体0.004 橄榄二辉岩、辉长岩 无 无 古元古代金水口岩群 王亚磊等, 2017
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