Genesis of the beryllium−bearing pegmatite in Wazha W−Be deposit, Southeastern Yunnan
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摘要:
研究目的 铍属于稀有金属，在国民经济建设以及国防科技等领域都发挥着不可替代的作用。瓦渣钨铍矿床位于滇东南老君山花岗岩体东北接触带，矿区主要出露老君山岩体二云母花岗岩、古元古代南秧田岩组第二段云母片岩、片麻岩和伟晶岩脉；铍矿化均发生在伟晶岩脉中，具明显分带性；探讨含铍伟晶岩的成因，对区域钨铍矿床成因研究以及铍矿找矿勘查都具有重要意义。
研究方法 本文通过对含铍伟晶岩脉开展LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb定年、全岩主微量元素、Sr−Nd同位素和绿柱石包裹体研究，探讨含铍伟晶岩成因。
研究结果 含铍伟晶岩脉形成年龄为(187.9±1.4)Ma，岩脉具有高硅、富铝、富碱特征；轻稀土相对富集、重稀土相对亏损；富集Rb、Th、U、Ta等大离子亲石元素，亏损Ba、Nd、Sm、Ti等高场强元素；伟晶岩的(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.702740~0.732013，(143Nd/144Nd)i=0.512017~0.512039，εNd(t)=−10.3~−10.6，显示伟晶岩具有富集特征。
结论 伟晶岩成矿流体为中温、中盐度的NaCl−H2O−CO2−CH4±N2体系，形成于陆壳物质部分熔融，在成矿过程中发生过流体不混溶作用。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective Beryllium is a rare metal element, which plays an irreplaceable role in national economic construction and national defense science and technology. The Wazha W−Be deposit is located in the northeastern part of the Laojunshan granite. The two−mica granites of the Laojunshan complex, mica schist and gneiss in the second section of the Paleoproterozoic Nanyangtian Formation, and pegmatite veins are mainly exposed. The beryllium mineralization occurs in pegmatite veins which with obvious zoning. Discussion on the genesis of beryllium−bearing pegmatites is of great significance to the study on the genesis of regional tungsten−beryllium deposits and the exploration of beryllium minerals.
Methods In this paper, LA−ICP−MS zircon U−Pb dating, whole−rock major and trace elements, Sr−Nd isotopes and inclusions in beryl were studied to discuss the genesis of beryllium−bearing pegmatite.
Results The formation age of beryllium−bearing pegmatite veins in the mining area is (187.9±1.4) Ma, and the veins are characterized by high silicon, rich aluminum and rich alkali. The light rare earth elements are relatively enriched, while the heavy rare earth elements are depleted. The samples enriched in Rb, Th, U, Ta, etc, depleted in Ba, Nd, Sm and Ti. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and εNd(t) of the Wazha pegmatite are from 0.702740 to 0.732013 and from −10.3 to −10.6, respectively.
Conclusions The pegmatites formed by partial melting of continental crust, with mineralization involving amedium−temperature, moderate−salinity NaCl−H2O−CO2−CH4±N2. Fluid immiscibility occurred in the pegmatite during the mineralization process.
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图 1 滇东南—桂西区域地质和多金属矿床分布图（a，据程彦博等, 2008修改）；滇东南老君山地区地质简图及伟晶岩脉分布图（b，据张振发等，2018修改）
Figure 1.
图 5 锆石稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分图（a，据Sun and McDonough, 1989）及锆石成因判别图解（b，底图据 Li et al., 2018）
Figure 5.
表 1 伟晶岩锆石U−Pb同位素测年结果
Table 1. Zircon U−Pb isotopic dating results of the Wazha pegmatite
测点号 含量/10-6 Th/U 同位素比值 同位素年龄/Ma Pb Th U 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ XZ-1-1 292.3 395.0 8175.4 0.05 0.0521 0.0005 0.2179 0.0060 0.0305 0.0009 287.1 28.7 200.1 5.0 193.8 5.4 XZ-1-2 84.0 244.4 2729.2 0.09 0.0606 0.0010 0.2438 0.0054 0.0296 0.0006 633.4 37.0 221.5 4.4 187.9 3.9 XZ-1-3 210.4 187.4 6068.0 0.03 0.0522 0.0005 0.2140 0.0027 0.0298 0.0003 294.5 22.2 196.9 2.2 189.0 1.9 XZ-1-4 46.4 99.9 1349.3 0.07 0.0554 0.0012 0.2229 0.0046 0.0295 0.0004 427.8 43.5 204.3 3.8 187.1 2.3 XZ-1-5 41.0 18.6 1186.0 0.02 0.0496 0.0009 0.2010 0.0036 0.0294 0.0003 189.0 8.3 186.0 3.1 187.0 1.8 XZ-1-6 207.0 356.4 6019.3 0.06 0.0549 0.0007 0.2166 0.0026 0.0287 0.0003 409.3 23.1 199.1 2.2 182.4 1.8 XZ-1-7 520.6 1554.8 15974.5 0.10 0.0532 0.0006 0.2187 0.0050 0.0298 0.0006 338.9 21.3 200.8 4.2 189.5 4.0 XZ-1-8 128.4 226.9 3712.5 0.06 0.0549 0.0008 0.2224 0.0033 0.0295 0.0003 405.6 31.5 203.9 2.8 187.2 1.8 XZ-1-9 92.8 323.7 2580.4 0.13 0.0601 0.0008 0.2410 0.0043 0.0289 0.0002 609.3 25.0 219.3 3.5 183.9 1.5 
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表 2 包裹体物理形态特征
Table 2. Physical characteristics of inclusions
样品 主矿物 类型 室温组成形态 粒径/μm 形态 分布特点 cxz-1（横切) 绿柱石 液体包裹体；含子矿物包裹体 L+V;L+V+子矿物 3~33 μm 规则；不规则 自由分布或沿裂隙成群分布 cxz-1（纵切) 绿柱石 液体包裹体；含子矿物包裹体 L+V;L+V+子矿物 3~37 μm 规则；不规则 自由分布或沿裂隙成群分布 cxz-3(纵切) 绿柱石 液体包裹体；含子矿物包裹体 L+V;L+V+子矿物 3~38 μm 规则；不规则（纵切） 自由分布或沿裂隙成群分布
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表 3 绿柱石包裹体显微测温数据
Table 3. Microthermometric data of the beryl inclusions
样号 序号 主矿物 形态 大小/μm 类型 V/T 子晶融化温度Ths/℃ 全部均一温度Th/℃ 冰晶全融化温度Tm/℃ XZ-3 1 绿柱石 矩形 14.82 L+V 60% 251.6 −4.9 XZ-3 2 绿柱石 四边形 14.2 L+V 30% 226.9 −3.8 XZ-3 3 绿柱石 不规则 16.67 L+V 40% 230.6 −4.5 XZ-3 4 绿柱石 负晶形 27.75 L+V 30% 253.8 −4 XZ-3 5 绿柱石 四边形 12.28 L+V 50% 266.8 −3.2 XZ-3 6 绿柱石 规则 28.5 L+V 55% 255.8 256.4 −3.3 XZ-3 7 绿柱石 不规则 19.42 L+V 55% 254.8 −4.6 XZ-3 8 绿柱石 不规则 25.46 L+V+S 60% 412.4 273.6 −5.2 XZ-3 9 绿柱石 不规则 18.74 L+V 60% 273.7 −5.1 XZ-3 10 绿柱石 不规则 33.59 L+V 50% 294.9 −3.6 XZ-3 11 绿柱石 负晶形 36.58 L+V+S 45% 254.6 −4 XZ-3 12 绿柱石 不规则 23.5 L+V 60% 251.8 −6.5 XZ-3 13 绿柱石 不规则 14.76 L+V 50% 232.3 −6.7 XZ-3 14 绿柱石 不规则 15.46 L+V 50% 262.5 −2.9 XZ-3 15 绿柱石 不规则 20.9 L+V 50% 318.7 −3.4 XZ-3 16 绿柱石 不规则 12.19 L+V 45% 266.3 −6.2 XZ-3 17 绿柱石 不规则 13.81 L+V 40% 253.4 −5.6 XZ-3 18 绿柱石 不规则 15.63 L+V 50% 290.5 −3.3 XZ-3 19 绿柱石 不规则 14.46 L+V 40% 256.5 −3.6 XZ-3 20 绿柱石 不规则 13.72 L+V 30% 254.7 −5.2 XZ-3 21 绿柱石 不规则 17.89 L+V 40% 258.6 −5.7 XZ-3 22 绿柱石 负晶形 16.32 L+V 40% 223.6 −6.7 XZ-3 23 绿柱石 四边形 14.22 L+V+S 35% 412.5 241.5 −4.9 XZ-3 24 绿柱石 不规则 15.08 L+V 50% 249.2 −4.1 XZ-3 25 绿柱石 不规则 15.2 L+V 40% 226 −4.9 XZ-3 26 绿柱石 不规则 10.68 L+V 60% 255.9 −6.7 XZ-3 27 绿柱石 不规则 20.41 L+V 45% 256.7 −5.6 XZ-3 28 绿柱石 不规则 11.53 L+V 35% 250.9 −4.7 XZ-3 29 绿柱石 不规则 12.32 L+V 40% 267.9 −5.6 XZ-3 30 绿柱石 不规则 18.64 L+V 50% 258.6 −6.1 XZ-1 31 绿柱石 椭圆 10 L+V 30.00% 267.5 −4.4 XZ-1 32 绿柱石 椭圆 17.1 L+V 55.00% 256.5 −6.6 XZ-1 33 绿柱石 椭圆 15.52 L+V+S 50.00% 359.1 229.5 −6.8 XZ-1 34 绿柱石 不规则 21.47 L+V+S 55.00% 275.4 −5.5 XZ-1 35 绿柱石 椭圆 9.05 L+V 35.00% 266.7 −6.2 XZ-1 36 绿柱石 不规则 10.21 L+V+S 65.00% 409.7 246.3 −5.1 XZ-1 37 绿柱石 不规则 10.88 L+V 40.00% 274.1 −5.3 XZ-1 38 绿柱石 不规则 10.61 L+V+S 35.00% 381.5 243 −5.3 XZ-1 39 绿柱石 不规则 8.81 L+V 50.00% 254.9 −5.1 XZ-1 40 绿柱石 椭圆 10.42 L+V 50.00% 268.2 −5.3 XZ-1 41 绿柱石 五边形 7.51 L+V 50.00% 241.9 −6.8 XZ-1 42 绿柱石 不规则 14.41 L+V 45.00% 251.2 −5.7 XZ-1 43 绿柱石 不规则 9.68 L+V 30.00% 255.7 −4.9 XZ-1 44 绿柱石 不规则 7.73 L+V 50.00% 252.6 −6.1 注：L+V=气液两相包裹体；L+V+S=含子晶三相包裹体；V/T=气相所占百分比；Ths=子晶融化温度；Th=全部均一温度；Tm=冰晶全融化温度。
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表 4 瓦渣含铍伟晶岩全岩主量元素（%）、微量元素（10−6）分析结果
Table 4. Analysis results of the major elements (%) and trace elements (10−6) for the Wazha beryllium-bearing pegmatites
样品名称 电气石伟晶岩 长石石英伟晶岩 含绿柱石伟晶岩 样品编号 XZ-1 XZ-3-1 XZ-3-3 XZ-2 XZ-3-4 XZ-3-5 XZ-4-1 LAZ-1 LAZ-2 XZ-3-2 LAZ-3 XZ-4-2 SiO2 63.20 64.54 73.74 64.55 73.60 75.35 80.35 75.17 71.07 70.74 78.36 66.17 TiO2 0.55 0.32 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.07 Al2O3 19.67 19.39 14.72 18.66 15.02 14.41 11.96 14.47 16.13 16.36 12.34 19.29 TFe2O3 6.70 5.26 0.55 0.01 1.12 MnO 0.08 0.10 0.01 0.06 0.25 0.14 0.03 0.11 0.01 0.03 MgO 2.52 1.29 0.09 0.19 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.51 CaO 0.72 1.19 0.38 1.79 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.61 0.44 0.48 0.48 0.50 Na2O 0.85 5.64 2.61 5.23 5.33 5.85 6.39 8.25 4.34 5.61 5.13 6.55 K2O 1.87 0.07 8.78 8.03 5.16 3.49 0.35 0.17 7.75 5.92 2.96 4.38 P2O5 0.01 0.44 0.03 0.66 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.03 LOI 2.90 0.93 0.16 0.54 0.21 0.29 0.59 1.68 0.67 0.95 0.75 0.78 Total 99.07 99.17 100.52 100.3 100.2 100.2 100.3 100.5 100.5 100.3 100.2 99.43 A/CNK 4.16 1.68 1.02 0.91 0.99 1.01 1.01 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.17 A/NK 14.07 2.09 3.43 2.17 1.71 1.50 1.14 1.07 2.26 1.77 1.46 1.79 Li 109.4 5.77 5.34 1.96 7.70 6.96 4.94 3.23 3.54 4.04 5.93 26.40 Be 38.23 13.57 2.13 4.06 188.80 127.40 10.57 6.40 3.30 34.77 7.58 514.20 Sc 10.57 3.90 2.71 2.40 2.91 2.80 2.01 2.48 2.77 0.48 2.05 3.87 Ti 4465 2188 13.1 128.5 8.1 16.9 11.6 19.2 18.3 7.9 35.7 361.2 P 44 1921 131 2882 262 218 131 131 175 262 131 131 V 55.93 29.06 0.93 6.84 0.49 0.41 0.48 0.33 0.40 0.17 1.33 11.85 Cr 29.62 15.19 3.22 3.24 9.33 1.31 0.72 1.11 1.59 0.88 0.82 1.00 Mn 421 525 8 313 1201 737 144 29 3 518 14 123 Co 15.48 9.70 0.58 0.60 0.38 0.25 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.24 0.24 2.16 Ni 16.19 6.63 1.04 1.73 2.20 0.68 0.47 0.49 0.61 0.93 0.60 2.17 Cu 13.24 10.04 3.01 6.22 4.46 3.52 2.11 1.81 2.19 3.47 2.21 4.49 Zn 133.8 388.6 4.75 17.27 5.70 9.69 6.13 6.43 11.37 4.83 8.01 57.00 Ga 31.86 30.47 9.60 18.28 16.17 14.77 14.09 16.62 11.62 13.92 11.90 21.56 Ge 2.88 3.58 5.49 3.96 6.13 5.50 4.36 4.67 4.42 4.30 4.05 5.01 As 2.31 4.61 36.24 1.51 8.37 22.50 7.93 0.93 1.54 7.89 0.98 8.36 Rb 221.0 1.8 821.6 1035 442.8 298.2 16.9 5.4 556.4 415.2 186.0 275.5 Sr 30.99 13.27 18.71 266.6 11.89 17.26 16.44 8.23 26.83 25.63 14.28 42.33 Y 9.78 6.30 0.05 5.51 0.82 0.51 0.50 0.39 0.22 1.17 1.87 3.40 Zr 38.99 54.91 0.84 16.30 21.91 8.02 19.46 1.66 4.15 2.85 30.75 11.44 Nb 9.38 36.51 4.29 9.86 25.87 41.10 0.67 5.15 3.61 17.44 2.42 13.39 Mo 0.36 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.79 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.09 Cd 0.21 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.13 0.09 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.10 In 0.10 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 Sn 88.82 26.21 1.19 25.77 4.70 2.86 1.16 1.65 0.94 1.88 1.88 7.17 Sb 0.09 0.09 0.29 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.07 0.12 0.19 0.08 0.11 0.17 Cs 34.70 2.52 265.70 45.17 58.35 36.64 4.18 1.78 63.71 50.97 22.01 61.55 Ba 111.0 1.06 27.03 310.4 27.09 21.27 12.68 3.32 46.02 46.71 24.75 96.16 La 15.43 8.07 0.03 3.08 0.19 0.22 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.34 0.22 1.73 Ce 20.79 18.65 0.10 6.77 0.15 0.38 0.11 0.05 0.09 0.41 0.18 1.29 Pr 3.73 2.12 0.01 0.67 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.05 0.33 Nd 13.40 8.22 0.02 2.16 0.14 0.15 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.25 0.18 1.15 Sm 2.65 1.87 0.01 0.52 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.09 0.36 Eu 0.41 0.14 0.01 0.21 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.06 0.17 Gd 2.45 1.83 0.00 0.66 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.17 0.50 Tb 0.37 0.27 0.00 0.13 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.12 Dy 2.08 1.30 0.00 0.80 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.11 0.22 0.70 Ho 0.44 0.21 0.00 0.15 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.14 Er 1.22 0.52 0.00 0.48 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.38 Tm 0.18 0.07 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 Yb 1.17 0.47 0.00 0.60 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.40 Lu 0.18 0.06 0.00 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.06 Hf 2.72 5.45 0.08 2.66 4.96 1.69 3.88 0.23 0.64 0.49 5.41 2.56 Ta 2.23 24.02 2.86 12.37 11.87 24.42 0.49 3.90 2.35 7.45 1.33 6.14 W 7.70 5.15 1.61 1.06 2.73 3.28 7.84 1.04 0.83 2.07 0.48 3.86 Tl 1.50 0.09 4.85 6.15 2.78 1.81 0.26 0.11 3.29 2.40 1.18 2.22 Pb 10.52 5.73 51.77 43.48 32.58 22.59 9.04 10.55 37.65 29.70 16.19 25.35 Bi 0.08 1.28 0.67 0.82 1.35 1.44 0.40 0.75 0.46 0.78 1.46 0.31 Th 11.70 7.91 0.05 3.34 0.68 0.55 0.25 0.22 0.16 0.68 0.77 2.51 U 3.76 3.35 0.39 5.29 2.17 1.13 2.05 2.37 1.70 1.20 2.63 8.95 δEu 0.48 0.23 6.54 1.11 3.60 2.03 3.07 2.51 3.33 3.69 1.40 1.21 δCe 0.65 1.08 1.71 1.11 0.44 0.89 0.60 0.29 0.83 0.62 0.42 0.39 (La/Sm)N 3.76 2.79 3.66 3.80 3.83 3.53 3.13 3.44 1.90 3.21 1.62 3.10 (Gd/Yb)N 1.74 3.23 0.74 0.90 0.40 1.06 1.07 0.51 0.95 0.82 1.05 1.05 (La/Yb)N 9.50 12.36 6.10 3.66 1.68 4.02 1.78 1.86 1.61 3.24 1.18 3.13
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表 5 瓦渣含铍伟晶岩Sr−Nd同位素组成
Table 5. Sr−Nd isotopic composition of the Wazha beryllium-bearing pegmatites
样品编号 Rb/10−6 Sr/10−6 87Rb/86Sr 87Sr/86Sr 2σ Sm/10−6 Nd/10−6 147Sm/144Nd 143Nd/144Nd 2σ t/Ma (143Nd/144Nd)i (87Sr/86Sr)i εNd(t) T2DM XZ-1 221 31 20.63 0.757856 0.000006 2.65 13.40 0.119488 0.512017 0.000012 187.9 0.511870 0.702740 −10.3 1806 XZ-2 1035 267 11.24 0.748481 0.000006 0.52 2.16 0.146287 0.512039 0.000012 187.9 0.511859 0.718462 −10.5 1823 XZ3-1 2 13 0.39 0.733003 0.000004 1.87 8.22 0.137313 0.512025 0.000011 187.9 0.511856 0.732013 −10.5 1828
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表 6 老君山地区花岗岩及伟晶岩脉同位素年龄统计
Table 6. Isotopic ages of the granites and pegmatites in Laojunshan area
矿床名称及位置 岩石类型 测试对象 年龄/Ma 测试方法 资料来源 老君山（茶叶山—上阳坡一线及保良街） 马鹿塘伟晶岩脉 锆石 209±2.0 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 张振发等，2018 黄瓜坡伟晶岩脉 锆石 381.2±3.3 滑石板伟晶岩脉 锆石 389.4±4.9 保良街伟晶岩 白云母钠长石伟晶岩 白云母 141 Ar−Ar 李建康等，2013 黑云闪长片麻岩 黑云母 112 Ar−Ar 上阳坡伟晶岩 白云母钠长石伟晶岩 白云母 144 Ar−Ar 黑云斜长片麻岩 黑云母 121 Ar−Ar 都龙矿床 矽卡岩 锡石 80 TIMS U−Pb 刘玉平等，2007 瓦渣钨铍矿床 中粗粒二云二长花岗岩 锆石 83.3±1.5 SHRMP U−Pb 冯佳睿等，2010 老君山岩体 花岗岩 锆石 88.9~93.9 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 刘艳宾等，2014 84.3~91.7 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 李进文等，2013 86.9 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 刘玉平等，2007 86.02~86.72 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb Feng et al., 2013 老君山地区早古生代花岗岩 团田单元浅灰色片麻状中细粒花岗岩 锆石 434~438 LA−ICP−MS U−Pb 徐斌，2015 南崂单元花岗片麻岩 锆石 430 老城坡单元片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩 锆石 426~427 老君山地表花岗岩及都龙矿区钻孔 中粗粒花岗岩 锆石 90.1±0.7 中细粒花岗岩 锆石 89.7±0.8 花岗斑岩 锆石 86±0.5 南温河 花岗岩 锆石 405~444 SHRMP U−Pb、
TIMS U−Pb徐伟，2007
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