Characteristics, controlling factors and effects on human health of groundwater chemical evolution in Wenzhou Plain, lower Oujiang River catchment
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摘要:
研究目的 滨海地带地下水化学演化特征及其控制因素研究对沿海城市地下水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。
研究方法 在野外调查取样和历史资料综合分析的基础上，运用水化学图解、离子比例关系、多元统计分析及环境同位素方法，系统分析了温州平原地下水化学演化特征，探讨了影响地下水化学演化的主要控制因素。
研究结果 （1）温州平原潜水以淡水为主，HCO3–、Na+、Ca2+占主导地位，承压水以微咸水和咸水为主，Cl–、Na+占绝对优势；（2）从山前到海积平原，研究区潜水由低矿化度的HCO3型水向较高矿化度的Cl型水转变，主要受天然水化学作用控制，人类活动使局部地区地下水化学出现异常；（3）十年尺度上，潜水主要组分含量存在一定程度下降，水化学类型向Cl–比重减少、HCO3–比重增加的方向演化；（4）水岩相互作用、海水作用、氧化还原环境等自然因素和工农业生产、生活排污等人为因素是温州平原地下水化学演化的主要控制因素。
结论 地下水健康风险评价结果显示，区内地下水存在一定的潜在非致癌风险，潜水的非致癌风险小于承压水，饮水途径摄入是危害人体的主要途径，相同环境下儿童的非致癌风险高于成人。因此，有必要对存在健康风险的地下水进行长期监测，加强这类地区的地下水资源管理和污染防治。
Abstract:This paper is the result of hydrogeological survey engineering.
Objective The study on the characteristics of groundwater chemical evolution and its control factors in coastal zones is of great significance for the sustainable utilization of groundwater resources in coastal cities.
Methods On the basis of field investigation and comprehensive analysis of historical data, the characteristics of groundwater chemical evolution in Wenzhou Plain were systematically analyzed by using hydrochemical diagram, ion proportional relationship, multivariate statistical analysis and environmental isotope methods, and the main controlling factors affecting groundwater chemical evolution were discussed.
Results (1) Phreatic water in Wenzhou Plain was dominated by fresh water, and HCO3–, Na+ and Ca2+ were the predominant ions. However, confined water is brackish and salt water, and Cl– and Na+ were absolutely dominant ions. (2) From the mountain front to the marine deposition plain, the transition from low−salinity HCO3 type water to high−salinity Cl type water in the study area is mainly controlled by natural processes, and human activities caused abnormalities of local groundwater chemistry. (3) On the ten−year scale, the content of the main components of phreatic water decreased to a certain extent, and the hydrochemical type evolved in the direction of the decrease of Cl– and the increase of HCO3–. (4) Natural factors such as water−rock interaction, seawater interaction, redox environment and human factors such as industrial and agricultural production and domestic sewage are the main controlling factors of groundwater chemical evolution in Wenzhou Plain.
Conclusions The results of groundwater health risk assessment show that certain potential non−carcinogenic risks of groundwater exist in the area, the non−carcinogenic risk of phreatic water is less than that of confined water, drinking water intake is the main way to harm human body, and the non−carcinogenic risk of children in the same environment is higher than that of adults. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct long−term monitoring of groundwater with health risks and strengthen groundwater resource management and pollution prevention in such areas.
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表 1 地下水水化学参数特征值统计
Table 1. Statistics of hydrochemical parameters of groundwater
类型 统计指标 最小值 最大值 平均值 标准差 变异系数 标准值 超标率/% 潜水(n=50) pH 6.36 8.81 7.19 0.5 0.08 6.5~8.5 8 K+ 1.32 122.00 16.98 20.2 1.19 Ca2+ 1.84 107.45 37.85 25.6 0.68 Na+ 2.48 772.00 110.22 174.9 1.59 200 14 Mg2+ 1.09 100.06 18.46 23.2 1.25 Cl– 2.16 1401.80 154.93 300.0 1.94 250 14 HCO3– 19.00 889.87 218.77 193.1 0.88 SO42– 1.01 228.27 32.10 38.7 1.21 250 0 NO3– <0.02 77.28 7.93 12.3 1.55 88.57 0 NH4+ <0.013 17.41 1.04 2.8 2.72 0.64 24 Mn <0.004 3.45 0.66 1.0 1.49 0.1 50 Br– <0.06 4.71 0.38 0.8 2.15 TDS 32 2598.00 492.68 586.7 1.19 1000 12 承压水(n=14) pH 6.54 7.93 7.41 0.41 0.06 6.5~8.5 0 K+ 2.87 40.97 12.66 10.71 0.85 Ca2+ 12.18 375.73 105.86 109.52 1.03 Na+ 168.70 3066.00 632.59 767.38 1.21 200 86 Mg2+ 5.27 328.05 94.18 101.85 1.08 Cl– 59.01 6393.59 1460.49 1906.73 1.31 250 64 HCO3– 17.37 414.04 247.76 136.65 0.55 SO42– <0.1 57.13 5.38 14.53 2.70 250 0 NO3– <0.02 19.67 4.91 6.56 1.34 88.57 0 NH4+ 0.04 14.99 5.20 4.32 0.83 0.64 93 Mn 0.01 2.13 0.56 0.67 1.19 0.1 79 Br– <0.06 8.84 2.18 2.54 1.16 TDS 450.00 9700.00 2451.43 2695.07 1.10 1000 64 注：pH无量纲，其余指标单位为mg/L；标准值为《地下水质量标准》 （GB/T 14848–2017）规定的Ⅲ类水限值。 
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表 2 研究区地下水化学类型统计
Table 2. Statistics of groundwater hydrochemical types in study area
层位 水化学类型 样品数/组 比例/% 潜水 HCO3–Ca·Na 12 24.0 HCO3·Cl–Na 11 22.0 Cl·HCO3–Na 7 14.0 HCO3–Na 6 12.0 HCO3·SO4–Ca·Na 5 10.0 HCO3·SO4·Cl–Na·Ca 4 8.0 Cl·HCO3–Ca 2 4.0 Cl–Na 2 4.0 HCO3·Cl–Ca·Na 1 2.0 承压水 Cl–Na 4 28.6 HCO3·Cl–Na 3 21.4 Cl·HCO3–Na 3 21.4 Cl–Na·Mg 3 21.4 HCO3–Na 1 7.1
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表 3 研究区潜水主成分分析
Table 3. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) of phreatic water in the study area
指标 PC1 PC2 PC3 TDS 0.961 0.166 0.022 K+ 0.752 0.387 0.015 Na+ 0.985 0.070 0.020 Ca2+ 0.300 0.630 −0.018 Mg2+ 0.938 0.297 −0.004 HCO3– 0.707 0.583 −0.100 Cl– 0.965 0.017 0.038 SO42– 0.144 0.038 −0.016 NH4+ 0.230 0.295 0.851 NO3– −0.192 −0.208 0.906 Mn 0.074 0.828 0.056 Br– 0.915 −0.092 0.026 特征值 7.42 1.571 1.51 方差贡献率/% 57.081 12.085 11.617 累积方差贡献率/% 57.081 69.165 80.782
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表 4 饮水及皮肤接触健康风险评价结果
Table 4. Assessment results of health risks through drinking water intake and dermal contact
层位 化学
组分项目 HQoral HQdermal HI 成人 儿童 成人 儿童 成人 儿童 潜水 NH4+ 最大值 0.75 1.20 9.27×10−4 2.30×10−3 0.75 1.20 最小值 5.58×10−4 8.93×10−4 6.92×10−7 1.72×10−6 5.59×10−4 8.95×10−4 平均值 0.04 0.07 5.57×10−5 1.38×10−4 0.04 0.07 HI>1比例/% – – – – 0 2 Mn 最大值 1.03 1.64 1.36×10−3 2.15×10−3 1.03 1.65 最小值 1.19×10−3 1.90×10−3 1.58×10−6 2.49×10−6 1.19×10−3 1.91×10−3 平均值 0.20 0.32 2.62×10−4 4.13×10−4 0.20 0.32 HI>1比例/% – – – – 2 14 承压水 NH4+ 最大值 0.64 1.03 7.98×10−4 1.98×10−3 0.64 1.03 最小值 1.81×10−3 2.89×10−3 2.24×10−6 5.55×10−6 1.81×10−3 2.89×10−3 平均值 0.22 0.36 2.77×10−4 6.87×10−4 0.22 0.36 HI>1比例/% – – – – 0 7 Mn 最大值 4.46 7.14 5.93×10−4 9.34×10−4 4.47 7.15 最小值 1.25×10−2 2.00×10−2 1.66×10−5 2.62×10−5 1.25×10−2 2.00×10−2 平均值 1.55 2.48 2.06×10−4 3.24×10−4 1.55 2.48 HI>1比例/% – – – – 50 79
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