Quantitative remote sensing inversion of elements in soils: Advances in research and future prospects
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摘要:
研究目的 土壤质量的优劣与人类生活密切相关。鉴于传统的土壤调查方法无法满足大面积土壤质量的动态监测需求，如何发挥高光谱遥感技术宏观、实时、原位、快速等优势进行土壤元素定量反演已成为遥感应用领域的热点和难点。
研究方法 文章围绕土壤元素的直接定量反演、利用土壤中元素相关性的间接定量反演以及基于植物光谱的土壤元素定量反演三种遥感定量反演方法，系统总结了其主要原理、优势与研究现状，从学科交叉融合角度展望了相关领域未来发展方向。
研究结果 当前常用的土壤元素定量反演方法均难于大范围推广应用。相比而言，利用植物叶片或冠层的光谱间接反演土壤元素含量的方法可信度更高。利用生态地球化学领域的研究成果，有助于找到目标元素在不同植物中特有的光谱学效应信息，解码基于植物光谱的土壤元素定量反演原理。
结论 推进学科交叉融合，深化基于大数据挖掘和土壤理化性质的研究，是突破土壤元素广域监测技术瓶颈的有利发展方向。
Abstract:This paper is the result of agricultural geological survey engineering.
Objective Soil quality is closely related to human activities. Given that traditional methods fall short in achieving the large−scale dynamic monitoring of soil quality, the quantitative inversion of elements in soils using hyperspectral remote sensing, which proves macroscopic, real−time, in−situ, and fast, has emerged as a hot topic and challenge in the field of remote sensing application.
Methods This paper explores three methods for quantitative remote sensing inversion of elements in soils: direct quantitative inversion, indirect quantitative inversion using correlations among the elements, and quantitative inversion based on plant spectra. Specifically, this paper systematically summarizes the primary principles, advantages, and current research status of these methods and proposes future trends in relevant fields from the perspective of interdisciplinary integration.
Results The commonly used methods for the quantitative inversion of elements in soils face challenges when applied on a large scale. Among these, the indirect inversion based on the spectra of plant leaves or canopies is considered the most reliable. Achievements in ecological geochemistry enable the identification of the unique spectral effects of target elements in different plants, which assists in determining the principle of the plant spectrum−based quantitative inversion of elements in soils.
Conclusions More in−depth research based on big data mining and the physicochemical properties of soils while promoting interdisciplinary integration represents a favorable direction for achieving breakthroughs in wide−area monitoring technology for elements in soils.
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图 3 水稻土壤−籽实系统中微量元素的吸收、转运和积累机制（引自Ali et al.，2020）
Figure 3.
表 1 部分有益微量元素缺乏或过量对植物的影响
Table 1. Impacts of the deficiency or excess of partial beneficial trace elements on plants
元素 植物缺素表现 元素过量植物中毒症状 参考文献 铁 新叶缺绿黄白色，叶脉颜色仍显绿。秋梢枝叶最严重，小枝枯死果变小。不同植物有区别，双单子叶要分开。网纹花叶双子叶，条纹花叶单子叶。植物缺素症见有果树黄叶病 不同植物铁中毒症状不一：亚麻产生暗绿色叶片；烟草产生暗褐色至紫色叶片，烟叶脆弱且质量变劣；菜豆叶片上产生黑色斑点；水稻从下部叶位的尖端开始出现褐色斑点，然后扩展至整个叶片，再继续发展至上部叶片，最后下部叶片转变成灰色或白色 陈兴福，1994；
罗俊丽等，1998；
曾慧珍等，2013；
丛迎新，2019；
刘长兵等，2022锰 幼叶叶肉变黄白，脉和脉近仍绿色，脉纹清晰是症状，主脉较远先发黄。严重叶片褐细点，逐渐增大布叶面。典型缺素症如黄斑症 典型症状一般表现为老叶边缘和叶尖出现许多焦枯褐色的小斑并逐渐扩大，斑块上出现锰氧化物沉淀 硼 植株尖端易发白，芽生长易枯萎。生长点下易萌生植株分枝成丛状。新叶粗糙成淡绿叶片皱缩易变脆。柄茎粗短常开裂水渍斑点环状节。常见花而不实 一般症状：首先老叶叶尖或叶缘褪绿，接着叶尖或叶缘出现黄褐色的坏死斑，斑点扩展到侧脉间并伸向中脉，最后导致叶片坏死或呈枯萎状，并过早脱落 锌 节间短促株矮小，叶片受阻出小叶。新叶灰绿或黄白，细看脉间和中脉。中脉附近先失泽，严重坏死成褐点。典型缺素症如玉米“花白叶病”和果树“小叶病” 在作物中主要累积于根部。从形态上看，锌过量时植株矮小，叶片黄化，叶片、叶柄形成红褐色斑点，可以出现在各个叶位 铜 叶绿素浓度和稳定性降低，由叶尖开始发生缺绿病，稍枯成丛状。如梨树的“枯顶病”；禾本科作物叶色变白，叶子边缘呈黄灰色，严重时不能抽穗 降低种子的发芽率，抑制细胞分裂、抑制根生长，从而使植株矮小，叶片失绿、变黄。苹果表现为叶片呈网纹状失绿，叶片黄色或黄白色，边缘褐色干枯，严重时部分叶片枯死 钼 新叶正常老叶变，叶片发黄出斑点。脉间叶肉色变淡，边缘焦枯向内卷。十字花科不一样，叶片扭曲螺旋状 在大田条件下植物钼中毒情况不易显现。在极端高浓度镍的条件下，可观察到植物钼中毒症状。表现为叶片褪绿、黄化且畸形、茎组织呈金黄色，作物减产和农产品品质下降 注：元素缺素与中毒症状由于植物种类、营养物质及土壤环境的不同差异较大，研究时需结合具体情况分析。 
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