Structural deformation characteristics of active anticline and their implications for seismogeological disaster effect under compression setting in the Late Cenozoic
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摘要:
活动背斜是第四纪晚期以来在活动挤压构造区域内吸收地壳缩短变形的主要地质构造之一，其是在挤压背景下形成的一个复杂的构造系统，由多种活动构造变形组成。发生在挤压构造区的大地震可以使褶皱相关断层、褶皱陡坎、翼部地形倾斜和地质体缩短等发生同震破裂或地面倾斜，进而引发严重的地震地质灾害，从理论研究和工程抗震两方面均需重视。因此，文章立足现有的逆断层相关褶皱、褶皱侧向扩展等理论，通过典型的主逆冲断层、反冲断层、弯矩断层、弯滑断层、共轭剪切断层和褶皱陡坎等实例，探讨了与褶皱相关的同震活动构造变形对建筑物的影响和破坏作用。研究认为，在强震导致的活动背斜地壳缩短、垂向隆升和侧向扩展过程中，背斜两翼和倾伏端的地面掀斜对重大工程建筑的安全运行构成威胁；同时，区域地壳缩短引发的弯曲变形给跨越活动背斜的重大线状工程造成的潜在地震危险和诱发的地质灾害值得关注。
Abstract:Objective Thrust faults and their associated folds are important structures of continental tectonic deformation, widely distributed at plate boundaries and within plates. The activity of these thrust faults can trigger severe seismic disasters, such as the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. However, research on surface ruptures and associated disasters caused by thrust faulting is relatively limited, mainly due to the complexity of their fault propagation processes. Studying thrust faults and their associated folds could enhance the capability of seismic hazard risk assessment and better predict earthquakes and potential secondary disasters.
Methods This paper first introduces the meanings of fold-related faults and fold scarps and explains the impacts of surface uplift and lateral extension deformations on topography. Taking the Tian Shan active fold zone as an example, the paper focuses on analyzing the structural characteristics and landform deformation patterns of the Hejing thrust-and-fold belt in the northern margin of the Yanchi Basin and the Mingyaole anticline in the southern piedmont of the Tian Shan. It also discusses various types of structures, such as thrust faults, fold-related faults (flexural faults, flexural slip faults, and conjugate shear faults), and their effects on landforms. Based on this, the paper explores the relationship between the growth process of active folds and the formation of seismic geological disasters.
Results and Conclusion It is believed that in a compressive tectonic environment, the growth of active folds and the formation of fault-related folds cause building displacement, tilting, and damage, thereby generating geological disasters. In particular, it emphasizes that the tilting of the ground on both sides and the footwall of active anticlines during the process of crustal shortening, vertical uplift, and lateral expansion poses a threat to the safe operation of major engineering structures. Simultaneously, the bending deformation caused by regional crustal shortening presents potential seismic risks and triggers geological hazards for significant linear engineering projects spanning active anticlines, warranting attention.
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Key words:
- fold-related fault /
- fold scarp /
- fold growth /
- lateral propagation /
- seismogeological disasters
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图 1 弯滑断层与弯矩断层模型(Yeats，1986；Burbank and Anderson, 2011)
Figure 1.
图 2 膝折带迁移作用生成的活动褶皱陡坎几何学模型(Li et al., 2015a)
Figure 2.
图 3 活动背斜的隆升和侧向扩展示意图(据Ramsey et al., 2008修改)
Figure 3.
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