Research on the charging periods of the ultra-shallow play in front of the Hashan area, northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin
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摘要:
准噶尔盆地西北缘哈山山前超剥带油气资源丰富，具有多层系含油、源−藏关系复杂的特点。超浅层是目前哈山地区油气勘探的重点层系，明确其油气藏充注时期和调整过程等成藏机理问题，对于研究哈山油藏富集规律具有重要的理论和实际意义。通过对哈山山前地区油气藏样品进行流体包裹体均一温度、盐水包裹体盐度特征以及定量颗粒荧光、方解石U-Pb定年等分析，开展油气包裹体特征、地层古温度和古油藏流体界面的研究，标定热事件时间，探讨该区超浅层油藏成藏机制、特征及成藏期次和聚集规律。研究结果表明，流体包裹体类型多样，其荧光颜色和强度变化表明发育多期不同成熟度的烃类流体，且流体包裹体均一温度主要集中在70~90 ℃和100~130 ℃区间。定量颗粒荧光技术显示，油气运移具有明显的动态过程，主要表现为从南向北的多次调整和聚集，侏罗系和白垩系分别以持续充注型和晚期充注型颗粒荧光特征为主，反映了不同地层的油气充注特征。方解石的U-Pb同位素测年结果表明，在研究区分别于133 Ma和73 Ma发生过至少2次热事件。结合流体包裹体盐水均一温度测量和定量颗粒荧光分析，揭示研究区经历了2期油气充注和调整过程，油气成藏时间为早白垩世和晚白垩世。应用流体包裹体、定量颗粒荧光和方解石U-Pb定年耦合技术为复杂构造带油气成藏提供了重要的方法手段，为厘定成藏期次提供了精确方法。
Abstract:Objective The Hala’alat Mountain front-overthrust belt, renowned for its abundant hydrocarbon resources, is characterized by multi-layer oil-bearing systems and intricate source-reservoir relationships. Ultra-shallow strata have emerged as an important domain for resource evaluation and exploration in this region. However, the timing of hydrocarbon charging and adjustment processes and the complex accumulation mechanisms of ultra-shallow reservoirs remain inadequately understood, posing significant challenges for exploration planning and appraisal programs. This study endeavors to unravel the genetic characteristics, accumulation stages, and dynamic mechanisms of ultra-shallow reservoirs in the Hala’alat Mountain front, with the goals of enhancing the theoretical framework for hydrocarbon enrichment patterns in structurally complex zones and providing actionable insights for future exploration endeavors.
Methods To achieve this objective, an integrated suite of analytical techniques was meticulously employed. Homogenization temperature measurements and salinity analysis of fluid inclusions were conducted to decipher thermal histories and fluid evolution. Quantitative grain fluorescence (QGF) analysis was utilized to track hydrocarbon migration pathways and accumulation dynamics. Calcite U–Pb geochronology provided precise temporal constraints for thermal events and hydrocarbon charging episodes. These methods were systematically applied to reservoir rock samples, enabling a comprehensive investigation of fluid inclusion characteristics, paleo-temperature evolution, and paleo-fluid interfaces. By constraining the thermal event chronology, we aimed to reconstruct the intricate hydrocarbon charging and adjustment processes that have shaped the current reservoir configuration.
Results (1) The analysis revealed a diverse array of fluid inclusion types, with variations in fluorescence color and intensity indicative of multiple stages of hydrocarbon charging, each with a distinct maturity levels. The homogenization temperatures of aqueous inclusions exhibited two predominant intervals: 70–90°C and 100–130°C. These temperature ranges correspond to distinct thermal episodes, reflecting varying paleo-thermal regimes that influenced hydrocarbon maturation and migration. (2) The QGF profiles provided compelling evidence of dynamic hydrocarbon migration processes, showcasing multiple northward adjustments and accumulations over geological time scales. Notably, Jurassic strata displayed continuous charging characteristics, suggesting prolonged hydrocarbon influx, while Cretaceous reservoirs exhibited late-stage charging patterns, reflecting differential hydrocarbon charging histories across stratigraphic units. This stratigraphic variation in charging behavior offers crucial insights into the temporal and spatial distribution of hydrocarbons within the study area. (3) Calcite U–Pb dating identified two major thermal events at approximately 133 Ma (Early Cretaceous) and 73 Ma (Late Cretaceous). These events are temporally correlated with significant tectonic activities in the study area, including regional compression and fault reactivation. (4) The integration of homogenization temperatures, QGF data, and U–Pb ages revealed a two-phase hydrocarbon charging history. The first phase occurred during the Early Cretaceous (133 Ma), characterized by initial hydrocarbon accumulation driven by regional tectonic compression. The second phase took place during the Late Cretaceous (73 Ma), marked by structural adjustment and hydrocarbon redistribution. These phases were primarily driven by tectonic forces that facilitated vertical migration and redistribution of hydrocarbons into ultra-shallow traps, highlighting the interplay between tectonic events and hydrocarbon accumulation.
Conclusions The ultra-shallow reservoirs in the Hala’alat front have undergone two critical accumulation phases: the Early Cretaceous initial charging phase and the Late Cretaceous structural adjustment phase. Hydrocarbon migration pathways were predominantly controlled by fault systems, which acted as migration carriers. The northward adjustments were facilitated by differential uplift and the caprock integrity, ensuring the preservation of hydrocarbons within the reservoirs. The coupling of fluid inclusion thermometry, QGF, and U–Pb dating has proven to be a robust and innovative toolkit for resolving multi-stage accumulation processes in complex thrust belts. This methodological integration not only enhances our understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms but also provides a precise framework for identifying and dating these events. This study establishes a novel and comprehensive methodology for deciphering multi-phase hydrocarbon accumulation in tectonically active regions. [Significance] By offering critical insights into the timing, pathways, and driving mechanisms of hydrocarbon charging, this study provides a solid foundation for predicting ultra-shallow reservoir distributions in similar geological settings. The integration of chronostratigraphic and fluid dynamic analyses advances the theoretical understanding of hydrocarbon enrichment mechanisms in foreland thrust belts, with direct implications for exploration strategies and resource evaluation in analogous basins. Furthermore, the methodological framework developed in this study can be adapted and applied to other complex structural zones, potentially revolutionizing our approach of hydrocarbon exploration in challenging geological environments.
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