Tectonic geomorphological evidence of late Quaternary segmented activity along the northern margin fault of Lajishan
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摘要:
拉脊山−积石山造山带是青藏高原东北缘向北东方向挤压扩展的重要弧形构造带，由拉脊山南缘断裂和拉脊山北缘断裂2条挤压逆冲断裂带共同控制。晚新生代以来，拉脊山地区构造活动强烈，形成了显著的盆−山耦合构造地貌格局，是利用构造地貌学方法研究其地貌发育演化规律和构造活动的理想地区。文章基于30 m分辨率的数字高程模型（DEM）数据，使用ArcGIS和MatLab平台以及插件工具和开源代码包，提取了拉脊山北缘（包含积石山东缘）断裂上盘105条中、小河道的河流陡峭指数（Ksn），同时提取断裂沿线54个流域的面积−高程积分（HI）。从河道的Ksn分布结果来看，整个拉脊山北缘断裂隆升速率呈自西向东总体升高的趋势，但在拉脊山北缘断裂中段出现低值，推测与日月山右旋走滑断裂的向东推挤作用在该段减弱有关，这也揭示出该区域构造活动的复杂性、差异性和分段性。通过对Ksn统计分析得到明显的分段结果，认为拉脊山北缘东段−积石山段隆升速率最快，构造活动性最强。根据拉脊山北缘流域HI空间分布特征显示，拉脊山北缘断裂山前盆地内部存在多处高值区。结合地质调查和石油勘探剖面综合解释结果，表明拉脊山北缘断裂第四纪晚期除了自身继续活动之外，已向北东延展到西宁−民和盆地和临夏盆地内部，表现为逆断裂−褶皱变形特征，这与西宁−民和盆地内部10余次中—强地震的发生有密切关联，这种构造活动的迁移特征及其地震活动值得关注。
Abstract:Objective The Lajishan–Jishishan orogenic belt represents a significant arc-shaped tectonic zone formed by northeastward compressional expansion along the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, jointly controlled by two compressional thrust fault zones: the North Lajishan Fault and the South Lajishan fault. Since the Late Cenozoic, intense tectonic activities in the Lajishan area have created a prominent basin–range coupled geomorphological pattern, making it an ideal region for investigating the geomorphic evolution and the tectonic dynamics through structural geomorphological approaches.
Methods Based on a 30-m-resolution digital elevation model (DEM), this study employs the ArcGIS and MatLab platforms with plugin tools and open-source code packages to extract channel steepness indices (Ksn) from 105 medium- and small-sized rivers on the hanging wall of the North Lajishan Fault (including the East Jishishan Fault), along with hypsometric integrals (HI) from 54 watersheds along the fault zone.
Results The Ksn distribution reveals an overall west-to-east increasing trend in uplift rates along the North Lajishan fault, with a notable low-value anomaly in its central segment. Statistical analysis of Ksn demonstrates clear segmentation characteristics, indicating that the eastern section of northern Lajishan and the Jishishan section exhibit the highest uplift rate and strongest tectonic activity. HI spatial distribution patterns along the North Lajishan fault show multiple high-value zones within piedmont basins. Integrated with geological surveys and petroleum exploration profiles, these findings suggest that during the Late Quaternary, the North Lajishan fault has not only remained active but also propagated northeastward into the Xining–Minhe and Linxia basins, exhibiting thrust fault–fold deformation features.
Conclusion (1) The tectonic geomorphological evolution of the North Lajishan Fault (including the eastern margin of Jishishan) is obviously different, and it tends to gradually become younger from west to east. The geomorphological evolution of the northern margin of Lajishan has discrete differences, which can be attributed to three sections: a western, a middle, and an eastern section, which includes the northern margin of Jishishan. Among them, the tectonic activity of the latter section is the latest and most intense, consistent with the long-term tectonic evolution. This confirms the rationality of the geomorphological parameter extraction results and is also a geomorphological response to the differential tectonic activity in this area. (2) The tectonic activity characteristics of the northern margin of Lajishan (including the eastern margin of Jishishan) adhere to the geomorphological evolution law and also have segmental differences. It is believed that the North Lajishan Fault (including the East Jishishan Fault) has strong tectonic activity from west to east. Specifically, the uplift rate of the western section of the northern margin of Lajishan is stable. The tectonic activity may be superimposed on the strike-slip component of the Riyueshan Fault in addition to the regional extrusion uplift, which was active in the Late Pleistocene and dominated by left-handed strike-slip and thrust. The middle section of the northern margin of Lajishan (NE-trending bulge section) has the lowest tectonic uplift rate, and the fault in this section is dominated by extrusion thrust with a late Pleistocene activity; it is little affected by the Riyueshan fault. The eastern section of the northern margin of the Lajishan-Jishishan section (the fault arc protrudes to the south-east turning section) has strong tectonic activity with Holocene fault activity; its nature is mainly thrust with dextral components. Significance In addition to its late Quaternary activity, the North Lajishan Fault (including the East Jishishan Fault) tends to expand and develop into the piedmont basin. Combined with the comprehensive interpretation of field geological surveys and oil exploration sections, it is believed that the fault extends to the interior of the Xining–Minhe Basin to form a reverse fault–fold belt. Its latest tectonic activity may have triggered more than 10 moderate–strong earthquakes. Attention should be paid to this tectonic activity and the related seismicity in those basin.
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Key words:
- Lajishan /
- Jishishan /
- channel steepness index /
- hypsometric integral /
- tectonic–geomorphology
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表 1 拉脊山北缘中、小流域HI计算结果
Table 1. Results of HI calculation of the small and middle watershed on the northern margin of Lajishan
流域编号 流域面积/km2 HI 流域编号 流域面积/km2 HI 流域编号 流域面积/km2 HI 1 12.57 0.39 19 68.42 0.43 37 49.07 0.29 2 55.52 0.32 20 12.59 0.38 38 20.21 0.47 3 25.87 0.45 21 86.79 0.43 39 10.52 0.28 4 87.83 0.34 22 27.40 0.29 40 56.54 0.44 5 94.08 0.41 23 11.58 0.27 41 11.88 0.44 6 31.98 0.25 24 36.07 0.31 42 58.05 0.28 7 55.46 0.37 25 35.08 0.29 43 35.90 0.35 8 99.22 0.46 26 32.61 0.32 44 23.60 0.32 9 23.00 0.36 27 113.03 0.43 45 32.28 0.38 10 26.02 0.33 28 21.16 0.38 46 18.32 0.55 11 24.88 0.22 29 11.84 0.33 47 20.48 0.51 12 53.99 0.33 30 52.60 0.37 48 44.19 0.37 13 64.66 0.34 31 49.46 0.26 49 27.49 0.35 14 43.72 0.21 32 93.74 0.35 50 27.51 0.52 15 46.15 0.25 33 98.44 0.33 51 20.09 0.46 16 48.24 0.39 34 78.43 0.40 52 22.57 0.26 17 18.32 0.35 35 14.51 0.27 53 10.21 0.45 18 6.98 0.44 36 47.76 0.37 54 45.76 0.28 
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