Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of ecosystem service value in the Yellow River Basin
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摘要:
研究目的 黄河流域是中国重要的生态屏障和经济地带，开展生态系统服务价值时空变化特征分析，对黄河流域生态环境保护和高质量可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。
研究方法 本文计算了黄河流域2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年、2020年的生态系统服务价值，并运用热点分析法和生态经济协调模型，探究了生态系统服务价值变化率的高值和低值聚集分布特征及黄河流域各地市生态和经济协调程度，从国土空间规划的角度提出相关建议。
研究结果 ①2000—2020年黄河流域生态系统服务价值（ESV）整体呈增加趋势，ESV由2000年的40217.33亿元增加到2020年的41135.10亿元，其中，草地的ESV值最大，未利用地的ESV最小。②黄河流域各地级市单位面积生态系统服务价值呈现“南高北低、中游高上下游低”的空间分布特征，2000—2020年各地级市单位面积生态系统服务价值较稳定，整体格局没有发生显著变化。各阶段ESV变化率的高值区与低值区空间集聚程度明显，聚集区主要集中在北部和东部。③2000—2020年黄河流域GDP的增加率远高于生态系统服务价值的增加率，生态和经济整体处于低度协调和低度冲突水平。
结论 2000—2020年间，黄河流域生态系统服务价值虽呈增长趋势，但增速低于GDP，生态与经济协调度较低，未来需要加强优化生态安全格局，确保生态系统服务功能的可持续发展。
Abstract:Objective The Yellow River Basin is an important ecological barrier and important economic zone in China. The analysis of the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of ecosystem service value (ESV)is of great significance to the ecological environment protection and high−quality sustainable development of the Yellow River Basin.
Methods The ESV in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 was calculated, and the hot spot analysis method and eco−economic harmony index model were used to explore the high and low value aggregation distribution characteristics of the change rate of ESV and the degree of eco−economic harmony of cities in the Yellow River Basin, and relevant suggestions were put forward from the perspective of national land spatial planning.
Results ① The ESV of the Yellow River Basin will increase from 4021.733 billion yuan in 2000 to 4113.510 billion yuan in 2020. The ESV of grassland is the largest and that of unused land is the smallest. The service value of hydrological regulation, soil conservation and biodiversity maintenance is at a high level. ② The ESV of cities in the Yellow River Basin is characterized by the spatial distribution of "high in the south and low in the north, high in the middle reaches and lower in the upstream and downstream". From 2000 to 2020, the AESV in each region is relatively stable, and the overall pattern has not changed significantly. The high value area and low value area of ESV change rate in each stage show obvious aggregation state, and the aggregation areas are mainly concentrated in the north and east. ③ The GDP growth rate of the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020 is much higher than that of the ecosystem service value, and the ecology and economy are at a low level of coordination and conflict.
Conclusions Although the ESV in the Yellow River Basin showed an increasing trend from 2000 to 2020, the growth rate was lower than GDP, and the coordination between ecology and economy was relatively low. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen and optimize the ecological security pattern to ensure the sustainable development of ecosystem service functions.
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图 4 2000—2020年黄河流域热点变化空间分布图（极显著热点代表99%的置信水平，显著热点代表95%的置信水平，热点代表90%的置信水平；冷点亦如此）
Figure 4.
表 1 黄河流域单位面积生态系统服务价值系数
Table 1. Factor of ecosystem services value per unit area in the Yellow River Basin
生态系统类型 生态系统服务价值/（元·hm−2·a−1) 耕地 林地 草地 建设用地 水域 未利用地 供给服务 食物生产 1761.95 581.44 757.64 0.00 933.84 35.24 原材料生产 687.16 5250.61 634.30 0.00 616.68 70.47 调节服务 气体调节 1268.61 7611.63 2642.92 0.00 898.60 105.71 气候调节 1709.09 7171.13 2748.64 0.00 3629.61 229.06 水文调节 1356.70 7206.37 2678.16 0.00 33071.79 123.34 废物处理 2449.11 3030.56 2325.78 0.00 26164.94 458.11 支持服务 保持土壤 2590.06 7083.03 3946.77 0.00 722.40 299.53 维持生物多样性 1797.19 7946.40 3294.84 0.00 6043.49 704.78 文化服务 美学景观 299.53 3664.86 1532.89 0.00 7823.06 422.87 
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表 2 2000—2020年黄河流域土地利用变化度
Table 2. Dynamic changes of land use in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020
时期 单一土地利用动态度/% 综合土地利用动态度/% 耕地 林地 草地 水域 建设用地 未利用地 2000—2005 −0.28 0.19 −0.04 0.43 1.58 0.02 0.09 2005—2010 −0.09 0.04 0.01 0.19 0.83 −0.05 0.03 2010—2015 −0.15 0.00 −0.03 0.47 2.78 −0.10 0.24 2015—2020 −0.58 0.21 0.34 2.78 4.37 −0.91 3.40 2000—2020 −0.27 0.11 0.07 1.01 2.79 −0.26 0.85
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表 3 2000—2020年黄河流域土地利用转移矩阵
Table 3. Land use transition in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020
km2 时间 土地利用类型 2020年 2000年 耕地 林地 草地 水域 建设用地 未利用地 转出合计 耕地 194843 23835 81002 5999 31991 4047 146874 林地 22343 125681 79318 1329 2418 4658 110066 草地 76214 83869 632172 14382 8848 97948 281261 水域 5153 941 11638 19282 1164 6114 25010 建设用地 19441 1025 4256 1489 8375 498 26709 未利用地 5397 5888 117776 10577 1961 425220 141599 转入总计 128548 115558 293990 33776 46382 113265 731519
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表 4 2000—2020年黄河流域不同用地类型生态系统服务价值
Table 4. ESV of different types of land use in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020
用地类型 2000年 2005年 2010年 2015年 2020年 ESV/亿元 占比 ESV/亿元 占比 ESV/亿元 占比 ESV/亿元 占比 ESV/亿元 占比 耕地 4763.55 11.84% 4697.59 11.66% 4676.40 11.59% 4640.75 11.50% 4506.32 10.95% 林地 11704.16 29.10% 11816.68 29.32% 11843.23 29.35% 11844.47 29.34% 11971.46 29.10% 草地 18808.69 46.77% 18770.37 46.57% 18778.67 46.54% 18753.83 46.46% 19072.03 46.36% 水域 3548.87 8.82% 3625.18 8.99% 3658.82 9.07% 3744.48 9.28% 4265.14 10.37% 建设用地 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 未利用地 1392.05 3.46% 1393.39 3.46% 1390.03 3.45% 1383.16 3.43% 1320.15 3.21% 合计 40217.33 100.00% 40303.20 100.00% 40347.16 100.00% 40366.69 100.00% 41135.10 100.00%
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表 5 2000—2020年黄河流域各单项生态系统服务价值
Table 5. ESVf in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020
生态功能 2000年 2005年 2010年 2015年 2020年 ESVf/亿元 占比 ESVf/亿元 占比 ESVf/亿元 占比 ESVf/亿元 占比 ESVf/亿元 占比 食物生产 1494.88 3.72% 1487.35 3.69% 1485.63 3.68% 1481.12 3.67% 1482.49 3.60% 原材料生产 2123.16 5.28% 2131.27 5.29% 2133.46 5.29% 2131.53 5.28% 2150.37 5.23% 气体调节 4749.79 11.81% 4757.05 11.80% 4760.50 11.80% 4754.92 11.78% 4806.21 11.68% 气候调节 5084.59 12.64% 5091.24 12.63% 5094.81 12.63% 5090.54 12.61% 5152.71 12.53% 水文调节 6155.40 15.31% 6191.99 15.36% 6208.63 15.39% 6237.21 15.45% 6496.34 15.79% 废物处理 5103.98 12.69% 5120.16 12.70% 5129.39 12.71% 5147.14 12.75% 5325.95 12.95% 土壤保持 6372.17 15.84% 6369.47 15.80% 6370.82 15.79% 6359.53 15.75% 6410.74 15.58% 维持生物多样性 6175.11 15.35% 6184.66 15.35% 6189.09 15.34% 6185.21 15.32% 6260.45 15.22% 美学景观 2958.24 7.36% 2969.99 7.37% 2974.83 7.37% 2979.51 7.38% 3049.82 7.41% 合计 40217.33 100.00% 40303.20 100.00% 40347.16 100.00% 40366.69 100.00% 41135.10 100.00%
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