Spatial and temporal changes of karst rocky desertification and its cause analysis in South China
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摘要:
研究目的 中国南方岩溶区是石漠化广泛分布的生态脆弱区，查明中国南方岩溶石漠化的时空变化及其成因机制，有助于制定科学合理的石漠化防治规划和生态修复措施。
研究方法 以Landsat8遥感影像为数据源，利用植被覆盖率和岩石裸露率进行石漠化信息提取，结合野外调查，以县域尺度探讨了南方16省（自治区、直辖市）岩溶石漠化的时空演变规律。
研究结果 2020年南方岩溶石漠化面积为8.45×104 km2，其中轻度石漠化占南方岩溶石漠化总面积的62.75%。2015—2020年，岩溶石漠化面积大于400 km2的县域数量减少了19个，广西都安县、马山县、德保县，贵州思南县、威宁县，云南会泽县、丘北县，四川巴塘县石漠化问题改善显著，云南广南县、文山市和砚山县岩溶石漠化面积大于1000 km2，石漠化治理形势严峻。
结论 以溶蚀作用为主塑造形成的峰丛洼地区，集中分布了30%的石漠化严重县；灰岩区因强烈的溶蚀作用和水土流失过程，导致石漠化面积占比超过33%。随着农村人口减少，耕地石漠化面积占比降低至26.54%，而灌木地和草地石漠化面积占比升高至20.51%和24.11%。研究将为制定县域尺度石漠化综合治理规划提供参考。
Abstract:Objective The karst region in southern China is an ecologically fragile area where karst rocky desertification is widely prevalent. Investigating the spatiotemporal changes of karst rocky desertification in southern China and its underlying mechanisms is instrumental in formulating scientific and reasonable control plans and ecological restoration measures for this phenomenon.
Methods Using Landsat 8 remote sensing imagery as the data source, information on karst rocky desertification was extracted based on fractional vegetation cover and rock exposure rate. Combined with field investigations, the spatiotemporal evolution of rocky desertification in 16 southern provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) was analyzed at the county scale.
Results The area of karst rocky desertification in southern China was 84,472.09 km² in 2020, with light karst rocky desertification accounting for 62.75% of the total area of karst rocky desertification. From 2015 to 2020, the number of counties with karst rocky desertification areas greater than 400 km² decreased by 19. Notable improvements in karst rocky desertification were observed in Du'an County, Masan County, and Debao County in Guangxi Province; Sinan County and Weining County in Guizhou Province; Huize County and Qiubei County in Yunnan Province; and Batang County in Sichuan Province. However, the karst rocky desertification areas in Guangnan County, Wenshan City, and Yanshan County in Yunnan Province exceeded 1000 km², exacerbating the situation.
Conclusions The peaks and valleys primarily formed by dissolution were concentrated in 30% of the counties with severe karst rocky desertification. Karst rocky desertification in limestone areas accounted for more than 33% due to the intense dissolution and soil erosion processes. With the decline in rural population, the proportion of rocky desertification in cultivated land decreased to 26.54%, while the proportion of rocky desertification in shrubland and grassland increased to 20.51% and 24.11%, respectively. This study will provide a reference for the formulation of comprehensive control plans for karst rocky desertification at the county scale.
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图 3 2015年（A）和2020年（B）南方16省（自治区、直辖市）石漠化分布（底图根据自然资源部标准地图绘制，审图号：GS（2016）1612号，GS（2023）2763号）
Figure 3.
图 4 2015年（A）和2020年（B）南方各县石漠化分布（底图根据自然资源部标准地图绘制，审图号：GS（2016）1612号，GS（2023）2763号）
Figure 4.
图 6 基于县域统计的2020年灰岩区（A）和碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩区（B）石漠化面积分布（根据自然资源部标准地图服务网站绘制底图，审图号：GS（2016）1612号）
Figure 6.
图 7 基于县域统计的2020年耕地（A）和草地（B）区石漠化面积分布（底图根据自然资源部标准地图绘制，审图号：GS（2016）1612号，GS（2023）2763号）
Figure 7.
图 8 基于县域统计的2020年8°~15°（A）和15°~25°（B）坡度区石漠化面积分布（底图根据自然资源部标准地图绘制，审图号：GS（2016）1612号，GS（2023）2763号）
Figure 8.
图 9 2015年（A）和2020年（B）南方岩溶县农村人口分布（底图根据自然资源部标准地图绘制，审图号：GS（2016）1612号，GS（2023）2763号）
Figure 9.
表 1 石漠化等级划分
Table 1. Classification of karst rocky desertification
石漠化等级 岩石裸露率/% 植被覆盖度/% 裸岩平面形态 生态环境 重度石漠化 ≥70 ﹤30 面状 疏草、土壤零星分布 中度石漠化 50~70 30~50 线状+面状 疏草+疏灌、土壤散布 轻度石漠化 30~50 50~70 线状+点状 乔草+灌草、土壤不连续 无石漠化 ﹤30 ≥70 点状 乔灌草植被、土壤连续分布 
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表 2 南方16省（自治区、直辖市）石漠化面积
Table 2. Statistical data of karst rocky desertification area in 16 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in southern China
省份 岩溶区面
积/km22015年石漠化/km2 2015年石漠化
发生率/%2020年石漠化/km2 2020年石漠化
发生率/%石漠化严重县数量/个 轻度
石漠化中度
石漠化重度
石漠化石漠化面积 轻度
石漠化中度
石漠化重度
石漠化石漠化面积 2015年 2020年 云南 108656.86 10970.54 7674.96 4389.51 23035.01 21.20 12588.86 7360.58 2107.36 22056.80 20.30 19 17 贵州 121135.45 17492.07 7998.87 2113.58 27604.52 22.79 13681.76 5809.80 1614.53 21106.09 17.42 28 19 广西 81670.48 9801.44 3679.98 904.84 14386.27 17.62 8475.47 2525.83 387.70 11389.00 13.95 16 6 四川 69042.38 5528.11 3212.33 1151.23 9891.67 14.33 5010.28 2672.85 1172.06 8855.19 12.83 2 2 湖南 62552.16 2215.65 753.48 156.18 3125.31 5.00 2401.62 759.10 219.68 3380.40 5.41 - - 湖北 50384.59 3588.10 1771.13 737.91 6097.14 12.10 4587.45 2172.54 850.16 7610.15 15.10 - 2 重庆 30224.82 3258.45 1299.72 250.14 4808.31 15.91 1853.34 820.21 153.03 2826.58 9.35 2 2 广东 11861.75 845.34 566.13 312.52 1723.99 14.53 813.43 281.88 149.54 1244.85 10.50 - - 江西 11191.96 1324.59 606.23 282.63 2213.45 19.78 1003.69 485.68 316.29 1805.66 16.14 - - 安徽 6333.29 947.47 836.84 340.29 2124.60 33.55 629.50 135.33 158.91 923.74 14.59 - - 浙江 2391.59 24.08 17.98 1.29 43.34 1.81 88.52 34.63 9.14 132.29 5.56 - - 江苏 383.51 64.15 15.27 1.48 80.90 21.07 39.64 34.45 4.06 78.15 20.31 - - 福建 1988.29 203.41 104.93 80.88 389.22 19.58 180.08 78.41 7.41 265.90 13.33 - - 甘肃 6030.26 617.32 509.13 248.13 1374.58 22.80 678.00 584.52 148.61 1411.13 23.42 - - 河南 2049.87 362.46 152.57 11.73 526.77 25.70 368.43 133.86 8.90 511.19 24.93 - - 陕西 19351.10 535.02 188.36 9.19 732.57 3.79 607.01 244.03 23.93 874.97 4.52 - - 总计 585248.36 57778.20 29387.91 10991.55 98157.66 16.77 53007.08 24133.69 7331.32 84472.09 14.43 67 48 注：石漠化严重县指石漠化面积大于400 km2的县级行政区
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