Research progress and prospect of soil hydrological processes in critical zone of the Loess Plateau
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摘要:
地球关键带是21世纪地球科学的前沿和重点领域之一。黄土约占全球陆地面积的10%，中国的黄土高原是典型的地球关键带之一。土壤水文过程驱动着黄土高原关键带不同尺度的系列生物地球化学循环过程，决定土壤−植被−大气连续体的演化方向与可持续性。基于地球关键带“4M”研究框架，综述了黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究的热点与前沿，梳理了不同尺度土壤水文过程的观测方法与技术、模型模拟与填图、深层土壤干化管理等研究进展；在此基础上，围绕黄土高原关键带土壤水资源优化利用与生态系统服务功能提升，提出了全球气候变化和大规模人类活动共同影响下黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程的优化管理对策和建议，展望了黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究的未来趋势。以期深化黄土高原关键带研究的科学认知，促进地球关键带科学的发展，为黄土高原自然资源优化管理、山水林田湖草系统治理提供科学参考。
Abstract:The Earth Critical Zone (CZ) is one of the frontiers and key fields of earth science in the 21st century. Loess accounts for about 10% of the global land area, and the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) is one of the typical Loess CZs. Soil hydrological processes drive a series of biogeochemical cycles at different scales in the CLP−CZ and determine the evolution direction and sustainability of the soil−vegetation−atmosphere continuum. Based on the "4M" research framework of the CZ science, we summarized the hot spots and frontiers of soil hydrological processes in the CLP−CZ, and then reviewed the research progresses of soil hydrological processes at different scales, including the observation methods and techniques, model simulation and mapping, and deep soil drying management. Based on this, focusing on the optimal utilization of soil water resources and the improvement of ecosystem service function in the CLP−CZ, the countermeasures and suggestions for the optimal management of soil hydrological processes in the CLP−CZ under the joint impact of global climate change and intense human activities were put forward, and the future trend of soil hydrological processes in the CLP−CZ was forecasted. A good understanding of this information is helpful to deepen the scientific understanding of the CLP−CZ research, promote the development of the CZs science, and provide scientific reference for the CLP natural resources optimization and mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands ecosystems management.
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图 5 地球关键带土壤水文过程研究的时间、空间、方法三维框架和系统关系示意图（底图据Ma et al., 2017）
Figure 5.
表 1 土壤水分监测方法及特点
Table 1. Typical methods and characteristics of soil moisture monitoring
监测方法 应用尺度 探测方式 相关设备及技术 适用性 局限性 取样称重烘干法 田间、场地尺度 直接 烘箱、烘干法水分
测定仪等操作方便，设备简单，精度高 连续取样工作量大，费时费力 中子散射法(Fan et al., 2010; 魏玉涛等，2021) 田间、场地尺度 直接 中子水分测定仪 可周期性测定土壤水分，获取
实时数据，精度高垂直分辨率较差，因存在放射源
导致安全性较差土壤水势法(常学尚等，2021; Li et al., 2022) 田间、场地尺度 间接 张力计、露点水势仪等 操作方便，仪器设备简单 易受环境影响，测量精度低 介电常数法(Noborio, 2001) 坡面、田间、场地尺度 间接 时域反射仪（TDR）、
频域反射仪（FDR）布设及操作方便，对土体扰动
小，响应快，精度高易受到土壤孔隙、温度及容重影响 示踪剂法(Ren et al., 2018) 流域、坡面、田间尺度 间接 同位素示踪剂、
温度示踪剂等投放简单，不存在放射性危害 某些示踪剂需要排除
降水对实验的影响地球物探技术反演法
(朱青等，2019)流域、坡面、田间尺度 间接 电阻率层析成像仪（ERT）、探地雷达（GPR）、大地电导率仪（EMI）、宇宙射线中子流（CRNP）等 探测灵敏度高，可实现高密度
数据采集，并快速反演高空
间分辨率的土壤水分仪器成本高，图像解译难度较大，数据反演
依赖于经验关系和物理模型遥感法(胡猛等，2013;
贺缠生等，2021)区域、流域尺度 间接 植被指数法、微波技术遥感法、高光谱遥感法 成本低，动态对比性强，
适用于大尺度监测作物生长和植被覆盖通常会对
土壤水反演精度造成影响模型模拟法(Narayanan et al., 2001; 申慧娟等，2003) 不限 间接 神经网络模型、陆面数据同化模型、土壤水动力学模型等 时间及人力成本投入低，
数据获取量高侧重于数学建模，强调理论探索，
相关研究尚需深入
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表 2 地球关键带土壤水文模型及应用特征
Table 2. Soil moisture models and their application characteristics in Earth’s Critical Zone
模型名称 开发年份 开发国家 应用尺度 应用范围 模型功能 EPIC 模型(Williams
et al., 1984)1984 美国 田间尺度 土壤侵蚀连续模拟 综合评估土壤侵蚀对生产力的影响，并预测管理模式对土壤、水分、养分、农药运动及作物产量的影响 SPAW 模型
(Arora et al., 1996)1989 美国 流域、田间尺度 径流、渗透、蒸发蒸腾
和土壤水渗流模拟预测农业水文学及其与土壤和作物生产的相互作用 VIC模型(Liang et al., 1994) 1992 美国 区域、流域尺度 陆面过程、汇流模拟 基于空间分布网格化的分布式水文模型，可同时进行陆−气间能量平衡和水量平衡的模拟 WAVES 模型(Zhang et al., 1996; 叶林媛等，2020) 1993 澳大利亚 田间尺度 生态系统蒸渗及水盐平衡
模拟在日时间步长上模拟土壤−植物−大气连续体中水、能量、溶质的动态输移过程 SWAT模型
(Arnold et al., 1993)1994 美国 流域尺度 水土流失、非点源污染、
农业管理及径流模拟预测在大流域复杂土壤类型、土地利用方式下，土地管理对水分、泥沙和化学物质的长期影响 HYDRUS 模型
(廖凯华等，2018)1998 美国 坡面、田间尺度 土壤水分和溶质运移模拟 采用Richards方程(Celia et al.,1990)描述土壤水分运动过程，模拟饱和多孔介质的水流、溶质运移、根系吸水和溶质吸收、热量传输模拟
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