Distribution characteristics, influencing factors, and ecological and environmental effects of soil sulfur in Huai'an agricultural land
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摘要:
研究目的 淮安地区处于苏北平原腹地，地质背景较复杂，在地质与人为双重影响下，土壤硫元素空间变异性大，影响土壤硫元素空间分布的因素及其对周围生态环境的效应尚不清楚。
研究方法 对比不同深度、土壤类型、地貌、土地利用方式的土壤S含量和开展硫元素平衡状况评估，揭示硫元素分布特征及影响因素，进一步开展生态环境效应初步研究。
研究结果 研究区表层土壤全硫的平均值为388×10−6，远高于江苏省土壤平均值。空间分布上总体表现为南部高于北部，层次土壤分布上自上而下逐渐降低。全S含量在不同土壤类型中表现为沼泽土最高、水稻土次之、潮土最低；在不同地貌类型间，扇缘湖沼平原区最高，冲海积砂坝高地最低；在不同土地利用方式下则表现为水浇地最高、林地最低。土壤全S含量与有机质含量呈显著正相关性（P＜0.01）。农用地土壤硫元素平衡状况评估结果表明，年净增量为58.21 kg/hm2，与2004年多目标数据相比，研究区农用地土壤全S含量近15年来出现一定程度的累积。
结论 土壤硫元素分布特征与土壤深度、土壤类型、土地利用方式及有机质密切相关，土壤硫元素显著累积区对应设施农用大棚（种植红椒等）分布范围，成因上与硫酸钾复合肥、有机肥等大量施用密切相关。这些区域土壤已出现酸化趋势，对周围水体产生一定硫元素负荷，建议开展生态风险监测。
Abstract:Objective The study area is located in the core area of the Northern Jiangsu Plain, characterized by complex geological settings. Under the combined influences of geological processes and anthropogenic activities, the spatial variability of soil sulfur exhibits significant heterogeneity. However, the key factors influencing its spatial distribution and its corresponding ecological environmental effects remain poorly understood.
Methods The paper compares soil sulfur content under varying depths, soil types, landforms, and land uses, evaluates sulfur balance, identifies distribution patterns and driving factors, and preliminarily explores ecological environmental effects.
Results The mean concentration of sulfur in topsoil is 388×10−6 and distinctly elevated compared with the mean background level of soil in Jiangsu province. The overall spatial distribution suggests that the southern part is higher than the northern one, and the vertical distribution gradually decreases with depth. The concentration of sulfur in different soil types is the highest in marsh soil, the second in paddy soil, and the lowest in fluvoaquic soil. Among different types of landforms, the fan edge lake marsh plain area is the highest, and the alluvial sand dam highland is the lowest. Based on the comparison of land use patterns, the concentration of soil sulfur is the highest in irrigated land and lowest in woodland. The concentrations of soil sulfur exhibit a significant positive relationship with the contents of organic matter(P＜0.01). The evaluation results of soil sulfur balance in agricultural soil show that the net increase will be 58.21 kg/hm2 annually. Compared with the multi-target data in 2004, the content of sulfur in agricultural soil in the study area has been accumulated to some extent in the last 15 years.
Conclusions The distribution characteristics of soil sulfur are closely related to soil depth, soil type, land use patterns, and organic matter content. Hotspots of sulfur accumulation correspond to areas with greenhouse agriculture (e.g., red pepper cultivation), primarily due to the extensive application of sulfur-containing fertilizers such as potassium sulfate compound fertilizers and organic fertilizers. These regions have shown a trend of soil acidification, contributing to sulfur loading in surrounding water bodies. Therefore, ecological risk monitoring is recommended.
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表 1 淮安农用地土壤全S含量描述性统计特征
Table 1. Descriptive statistical characteristic of contents of sulfur in agricultural soil
10−6 地区 样品数 平均值 最大值 最小值 中值 标准差 变异系数 峰度 偏度 淮安区 903 373 1414 92.6 358 130 0.35 8.8 1.8 淮阴区 861 383 4004 111 345 234 0.61 101.3 7.8 清江浦区 183 527 3328 92.9 385 485 0.92 11.3 3.0 涟水县 78 325 649 93.3 302 109 0.34 0.44 0.67 经济开发区 61 351 1534 114 253 285 0.81 8.9 3.0 研究区 2086 388 4004 92.6 352 235 0.61 68.2 6.3 
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表 2 土壤硫元素与其他元素及理化指标的相关系数
Table 2. Pearson correlation coefficients for elements and physic-chemical parameters in soils
指标 有机碳 Al Fe CEC pH S 0.501＊＊ −0.157 −0.101 −0.173 0.115 注：＊＊在P＜0.01水平上显著相关
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表 3 不同土壤亚类S含量
Table 3. Statistical characteristic of concentration of sulfur in different soil subcategories
10−6 统计
参数潮土 水稻土 沼泽土 黄潮土 棕潮土 盐化潮土 潜育型
水稻土渗育型
水稻土潴育型
水稻土腐泥土 样品数量 1151 29 125 42 531 188 20 含量平均值 393 379 388 515 377 418 626 标准差 291 166 151 186 145 125 109
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