四川盐边二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩底部镓−铌−稀土矿化富集层的发现及对找矿勘查的启示

程建康; 孙宝伟; 霍加庆; 朱凯宁; 肖亮; 王彬

doi:10.12097/gbc.2023.10.028

四川盐边二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩底部镓−铌−稀土矿化富集层的发现及对找矿勘查的启示

四川省第二地质大队, 四川成都 610000

基金项目: 四川省地质矿产勘查开发局四〇五地质队创新基金项目《峨眉山大火成岩省攀西地区火山沉积-表生淋积型铌等战略性矿产调查与成矿研究》（编号：KJCX-2021-001）

详细信息

作者简介: 程建康(1968− )，男，硕士，高级工程师，从事区域地质矿产调查、矿产勘查与评价工作。E−mail：530838781@qq.com

通讯作者: 孙宝伟(1980− )，男，硕士，高级工程师，从事地质矿产勘查与评价工作。E−mail：41066946@qq.com

中图分类号: P618.7;P534.46

收稿日期: 2023-10-25

修回日期: 2024-01-08

刊出日期: 2025-01-15

Discovery of Ga-Nb-REE enrichment layer at the bottom of Permian Emeishan basalt, Yanbian County, Sichuan Province，and its enlightenment for prospecting and exploration

The 2nd Geological Brigade of Sichuan, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China

More Information

Corresponding author: SUN Baowei, 41066946@qq.com

Received Date: 25 October 2023

Revised Date: 08 January 2024

Publish Date: 15 January 2025

摘要

摘要: 研究目的
重点对四川省盐边县东风村一带峨眉山玄武岩底部发现的火山沉积型镓－铌－稀土矿化富集层开展岩石学和地球化学研究，分析成矿物源和成矿条件，探讨成矿机制，为找矿勘查提供新的启示。
研究方法
在野外调查的基础上，采集具有代表性的岩矿石样品，通过镜下鉴定和主量、微量及稀土元素分析开展研究工作。
研究结果
镓−铌−稀土矿化富集层是基性火山碎屑岩强烈风化形成的富铝古风化壳，主要由蚀变凝灰质火山角砾岩、铝土质粘土岩、凝灰质粘土岩等岩石组成，受控于下伏阳新组顶部喀斯特地貌与上覆玄武岩的接触界面。矿化富集层延伸稳定，具有显著的Nb、Ta、Ga、Ti、REE等矿化富集特征且矿化均匀。矿化富集层稀土元素表现为轻稀土元素强烈富集而重稀土元素亏损，Nb、Ta、Ti元素的富集程度随岩石铝质含量增高而变大，Ga元素含量较均匀。成矿物源主要来自峨眉山地幔柱活动形成的玄武岩及基性火山碎屑岩，湿润炎热的古地理环境、平缓开阔的地貌及酸性含氧介质为Ga、Nb、REE等元素的活化、迁移和富集创造了有利条件，成矿元素经历多次溶失、络合、迁移、水解、沉淀和吸附等作用，最终形成矿化富集层。
结论
峨眉山玄武岩底部发现的火山沉积型镓−铌−稀土矿化富集层是一种新型的稀有稀土成矿类型，不但具有良好的找矿前景和巨大的资源潜力，而且对研究成矿理论和拓展找矿思路具有重要意义。
- 镓−铌−稀土矿化富集层 /
- 峨眉山玄武岩 /
- 火山沉积型 /
- 成矿机制 /
- 四川盐边
Abstract: Objective
This paper focus on conducting petrological and geochemical studies on the volcanic-sedimentary Ga-Nb-REE enrichment layer discovered at the bottom of Emeishan basalt in Dongfengcun area, Yanbian County, Sichuan Province, analyzes its ore-forming material sources and metallogenic conditions, discusses its metallogenic mechanism, and provides new enlightenment for prospecting and exploration.
Methods
On the basis of field investigation, representative rock and ore samples were collected, and the research work was carried out by microscopic identification and analysis of main elements, trace elements and rare earth elements.
Results
The Ga-Nb-REE enrichment layer is an aluminum-rich paleo-weathering crust formed by strong weathering of basic volcaniclastic rocks. It is mainly composed of altered tuffaceous volcanic breccia, bauxitic clay rock, tuffaceous clay rock and other rocks. It is controlled by the contact interface between the karst landform at the top of the underlying Yangxin Formation and the overlying basalt. The mineralized enrichment layer extends stably and has significant mineralization enrichment characteristics of niobium, tantalum, gallium, titanium and rare earth element, and the mineralization is uniform. The rare earth elements in the mineralized enrichment layer shows strong enrichment of light rare earth elements and loss of heavy rare earth elements. The enrichment degree of niobium, tantalum and titanium elements increases with the increase of rock aluminum content, and the content of gallium is more uniform. The ore-forming mineral source mainly comes from basalt and basic pyroclastic rocks formed by the activity of Emeishan mantle plume. The humid and hot paleogeographic environment, gentle and open landform and acidic oxygen-containing medium have created favorable conditions for the activation, migration and enrichment of gallium, niobium, rare earth and other elements. The ore-forming elements have undergone multiple dissolution, complexation, migration, hydrolysis, precipitation and adsorption, and finally formed a mineralized enrichment layer.
Conclusions
The volcanic-sedimentary Ga-Nb-REE enrichment layer found at the bottom of Emeishan basalt is a new metallogenic type of rare and rare earth element.It not only has good prospecting prospects and great resource potential, but also has great significance for studying metallogenic theory and expanding prospecting ideas.
- Ga-Nb-REE enrichment layer /
- Emeishan basalt /
- volcanic-sedimentary /
- metallogenic mechanism /
- Yanbian, Sichuan Province

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图 1 东风村地区大地构造位置(a，据罗改等，2021修改)、地质简图(b，据左群超等，2006修改)及实测地质剖面简图(c)

Figure 1.

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图 3 东风村地区火山岩原始地幔标准化多元素配分图（标准化数值据Sun et al., 1989；Ga标准化数值据Taylor et al., 1985）

Figure 3.

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图 2 含矿岩系剖面柱状图和成矿元素含量变化曲线图（地层代号注释同图1）

Figure 2.

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图 4 东风村地区火山岩球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图（标准化数值据Boynton,1984）

Figure 4.

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图 5 东风村地区火山岩∑REE−（La/Yb）_N图解(底图据Allegre et al., 1978)

Figure 5.

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表 1 含矿岩系简项分析结果

Table 1. Abbreviated analysis results of ore-bearing rock series

样品号	ΣRE₂O₃/%	Nb₂O₅/10⁻⁶	Ta₂O₅/10⁻⁶	(Nb,Ta)₂O₅/10⁻⁶	Ga/10⁻⁶	TiO₂/%
DFCP01H1	0.11	298.69	19.01	317.70	43.17	3.18
DFCP01H2	0.12	284.10	18.10	302.19	51.33	3.68
DFCP01H3	0.09	335.60	21.06	356.65	46.93	3.87
DFCP01H4	0.12	357.05	22.63	379.68	51.68	4.04
DFCP01H5	0.10	341.60	21.56	363.17	48.50	3.95
DFCP01H6	0.12	288.96	18.85	307.81	47.41	3.32
DFCP01H7	0.10	359.91	23.30	383.21	46.76	4.34
DFCP01H8	0.08	377.87	23.63	401.50	43.17	4.36
DFCP01H9	0.09	320.58	20.55	341.13	47.60	3.64
DFCP01H10	0.11	332.59	21.39	353.98	53.64	3.55
DFCP01H11	0.11	308.56	20.29	328.85	53.16	3.38
DFCP01H12	0.11	346.61	22.32	368.93	54.21	3.88
DFCP01H13	0.12	347.40	22.16	369.55	47.84	3.83
DFCP01H14	0.15	371.79	24.87	396.66	58.38	4.90
DFCP01H15	0.14	343.03	22.69	365.72	53.93	4.74
DFCP01H16	0.11	354.33	22.87	377.21	53.06	4.55
DFCP01H17	0.12	403.26	26.27	429.52	55.54	5.30
DFCP01H18	0.08	501.18	31.16	532.34	50.31	6.16
DFCP01H19	0.14	409.55	25.86	435.42	62.06	5.39
DFCP01H20*	0.045	65.90	4.59	70.49	43.52	2.80
DFCP01H21*	0.038	73.48	4.52	78.00	33.81	2.68
平均值	0.11	351.72	22.56	374.28	50.98	4.21
变化系数/%	17.23	14.14	13.47	14.09	9.60	18.84
富集系数	6.76	12.94	11.57	12.84	2.83	3.94
注：*为玄武岩样；平均值、变化系数、富集系数为矿化富集层样品计算值；富集系数＝组分（元素）含量/地壳丰度，地壳丰度值据黎彤（1976）

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表 2 含矿岩系主量、微量和稀土元素含量及特征参数

Table 2. Contents and characteristic parameters of major, trace and rare earth elements for ore−bearing rock series

元素	DFH11	DFH12	DFH13	DFH14	DFB103	DFB104	DFB105	DFB18−2	DFB101	DFB102
元素	紫红色粘土岩	黄绿色粘土岩	紫红色凝灰岩	火山角砾岩	黄褐色粘土岩	红褐色褐铁矿	杂色粘土岩	玄武岩	玄武岩	玄武岩
SiO₂	33.68	12.03	31.89	30.32	28.58	13.15	19.76	48.41	48.04	46.95
TiO₂	4.18	6.86	4.96	4.62	6.38	1.07	3.22	2.87	2.30	2.24
Al₂O₃	29.42	41.19	28.28	29.92	46.71	9.54	15.61	13.19	11.23	10.99
Fe₂O₃	19.50	10.23	19.98	20.45	1.99	63.67	39.98	4.75	4.44	4.18
FeO	0.46	15.65	0.53	0.21	1.22	3.39	8.75	6.81	7.15	7.46
MnO	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.07	0.02	0.18	0.17	0.18
MgO	0.12	0.83	0.19	0.15	0.22	1.27	1.35	6.03	9.56	10.88
CaO	0.20	0.06	0.33	0.10	0.18	0.31	0.47	8.36	9.21	9.60
Na₂O	0.04	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.06	0.05	0.03	3.59	2.07	1.63
K₂O	0.06	0.01	0.05	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.09	1.23	1.67	1.60
P₂O₅	0.19	0.06	0.25	0.10	0.15	0.22	0.19	0.36	0.30	0.30
烧失量	11.67	9.69	12.39	13.27	13.62	7.51	9.65	—	3.23	3.61
总计	99.53	96.65	98.90	99.23	99.17	100.28	99.12	—	99.35	99.61
CIA	99.31	99.85	99.49	99.53	99.47	98.01	98.82	50.09	56.64	60.82
CIW	99.54	99.87	99.68	99.69	99.58	98.46	99.42	52.76	62.31	67.27
ICV	0.63	0.43	0.72	0.66	0.22	4.82	2.18	3.38	4.64	5.02
Ki	1.95	0.50	1.92	1.72	1.04	2.34	2.15	6.24	7.27	7.26
La	205.46	41.19	186.23	108.57	162.46	188.25	207.07	44.28	42.31	33.70
Ce	332.88	158.15	322.53	191.10	263.10	386.34	438.25	89.30	93.70	88.57
Pr	34.08	9.45	36.10	20.34	30.17	85.12	45.07	11.24	12.43	11.84
Nd	134.95	39.61	149.82	85.08	113.92	449.36	172.93	46.89	58.47	53.95
Sm	16.66	6.00	20.28	11.68	15.31	63.29	22.50	8.36	9.16	8.64
Eu	4.70	1.61	5.69	3.32	3.77	12.17	4.91	2.74	2.37	1.87
Gd	11.90	4.40	14.33	8.62	10.98	34.18	15.28	7.72	8.14	6.35
Tb	1.46	0.59	1.84	1.14	1.39	4.06	2.45	0.98	1.07	0.83
Dy	7.13	3.44	9.61	5.73	6.05	17.73	13.65	5.02	4.98	3.99
Ho	1.21	0.70	1.67	1.21	0.99	3.41	2.75	0.86	0.88	0.69
Er	3.23	1.90	4.44	3.49	3.00	9.74	7.62	2.16	2.33	1.84
Tm	0.37	0.28	0.52	0.51	0.36	1.22	0.96	0.20	0.25	0.22
Yb	2.98	2.11	3.90	3.74	2.57	8.15	6.32	1.94	1.82	1.45
Lu	0.32	0.24	0.46	0.41	0.29	0.93	0.69	0.19	0.20	0.15
Y	28.18	17.25	38.17	25.30	22.80	124.29	95.65	22.84	23.97	17.32
LREE	728.73	256.01	720.65	420.09	588.74	1184.52	890.73	202.81	218.44	198.57
HREE	56.80	30.92	74.96	50.15	48.43	203.70	145.37	41.92	43.64	32.85
∑REE	785.53	286.93	795.61	470.24	637.17	1388.22	1036.11	244.73	262.08	231.42
∑Ce/∑Y	12.83	8.28	9.61	8.38	12.16	5.81	6.13	4.84	5.01	6.04
δEu	0.97	0.92	0.97	0.97	0.85	0.73	0.77	1.03	0.82	0.74
δCe	0.96	1.93	0.95	0.98	0.90	0.73	1.09	0.96	0.98	1.07
(La/Yb)_N	46.47	13.13	32.18	19.55	42.62	15.57	22.09	15.41	15.68	15.68
(La/Sm)_N	7.76	4.32	5.78	5.85	6.67	1.87	5.79	3.33	2.90	2.45
(Gd/Yb)_N	3.22	1.68	2.96	1.86	3.45	3.38	1.95	3.22	3.61	3.54
Rb	3.36	0.69	2.09	1.43	2.52	12.27	12.63	10.44	43.00	39.74
Ba	211.30	48.94	278.25	102.49	174.04	140.13	222.73	702.80	433.17	434.16
Th	32.34	30.07	22.96	18.30	44.66	10.11	24.28	3.28	4.96	2.53
U	9.26	15.87	8.43	8.11	17.84	5.63	8.88	1.15	1.02	0.56
Nb	285.09	414.28	291.87	268.88	442.31	78.24	250.47	37.13	45.89	39.39
Ta	17.25	23.83	19.73	17.03	21.16	3.98	12.52	3.47	2.56	2.47
Sr	316.56	106.75	353.86	189.48	247.84	139.65	292.17	485.10	551.10	506.49
Zr	729.78	1128.20	705.98	695.21	1093.08	203.93	627.87	258.30	273.25	249.58
Hf	16.46	23.73	15.90	15.71	30.95	2.86	11.62	6.40	6.99	6.53
Bi	0.17	0.34	0.25	0.25	0.52	0.33	0.43	0.07	0.07	0.08
Ga	46.67	57.67	46.17	45.60	53.64	54.21	50.31	32.85	43.52	33.81
Co	31.18	50.92	35.47	31.00	9.45	385.31	59.44	48.72	59.57	46.25
Cr	133.93	196.54	198.49	145.71	159.79	119.73	189.92	176.64	648.57	472.28
Cs	—	—	—	—	0.66	1.40	1.75	0.16	0.51	0.65
Ni	32.29	18.70	56.41	45.16	33.38	62.82	37.45	64.53	162.23	132.33
Sc	13.12	15.38	16.34	11.22	21.06	18.15	18.25	22.79	31.40	36.34
Sn	5.33	7.99	5.93	5.65	8.99	3.55	6.34	1.77	3.59	3.82
V	551.65	586.40	476.25	349.45	588.45	280.32	854.39	344.56	340.89	253.39
W	—	—	—	—	3.73	1.82	5.07	6.41	0.62	0.57
Li	253.65	134.20	228.90	268.35	439.44	59.02	97.08	—	8.69	10.01
Pb	26.06	19.12	23.98	30.69	29.56	14.55	27.27	—	7.44	9.87
Zn	108.69	160.38	114.83	105.87	31.03	233.05	107.47	—	103.40	107.10
Cu	38.10	18.90	69.80	78.70	75.25	44.03	50.98	—	166.95	134.54
Nb/Ta	16.53	17.39	14.79	15.79	20.90	19.66	20.01	10.69	17.95	15.93
Th/Ta	1.87	1.26	1.16	1.07	2.11	2.54	1.94	0.94	1.94	1.02
Zr/Hf	44.34	47.54	44.40	44.25	35.32	71.30	54.03	40.36	39.09	38.25
La/Th	6.35	1.37	8.11	5.93	3.64	18.62	8.53	13.51	8.53	13.32
Ti/Nb	87.87	99.29	101.86	103.07	86.43	81.98	77.05	463.43	299.97	340.89
Sr/Ba	1.50	2.18	1.27	1.85	1.42	1.00	1.31	0.69	1.27	1.17
Sr/Cu	8.31	5.65	5.07	2.41	3.29	3.17	5.73	—	3.30	3.76
U/Th	0.29	0.53	0.37	0.44	0.40	0.56	0.37	0.35	0.21	0.22
Ni/Co	1.04	0.37	1.59	1.46	3.53	0.16	0.63	1.32	2.72	2.86
注：①稀土元素参数采用球粒陨石标准化值(Boynton,1984)。②CIA=Al₂O₃×100/（Al₂O₃+CaO^+Na₂O+K₂O)；CIW=Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+CaO^+Na₂O)；WIP=100×(2Na₂O/0.35+MgO/0.9+2K₂O/0.25+CaO^/0.7)；ICV=(Fe₂O₃+K₂O+Na₂O+CaO+MgO+TiO₂)/Al₂O₃；Ki=SiO₂/Al₂O₃；CaO^为硅酸盐中CaO的摩尔含量，即若CaO<Na₂O，采用CaO作为样品CaO^，相反则采用Na₂O作为CaO^(McLennan,1993)；各式中氧化物均为摩尔含量。主量元素含量单位为%，微量和稀土元素含量单位为10⁻⁶

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