The eruptive age and tectonic setting of the protolith of the meta-rhyolite in the eastern segment of the South Tianshan Orogenic Belt: Constraints from zircon U−Pb age and trace elements
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摘要:
研究目的 变质岩的组成和时代是认识造山带基底性质和形成演化的重要窗口。通过南天山造山带东段的哈满沟地区辛格尔组中变流纹岩的时代和锆石微量元素研究，探讨变流纹岩的时代及其对南天山构造演化的意义。
研究方法 系统开展南天山造山带东段的哈满沟地区辛格尔组中变流纹岩岩相学、LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb定年和锆石微量元素分析，并结合区域研究成果，对南天山造山带的构造背景开展综合研究。
研究结果 LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb定年结果表明，变流纹岩原岩形成于早泥盆世（418~412 Ma）。锆石轻稀土元素相对亏损，重稀土元素相对富集，显示负Eu异常、正Ce异常的特征。微量元素显示U、Hf正异常，Nb、La、Pr、Ti负异常。根据锆石微量元素分析，推测流纹岩喷发时的地壳厚度小于35 km，且其岩浆源区存在斜长石分离结晶作用，锆石Ti温度计指示其岩浆结晶温度较高（＞800℃），属于高温岩浆成因，提出该流纹岩的发育可能与大陆裂谷作用有关。
结论 结合前人研究，推测南天山造山带早古生代可能是塔里木克拉通的一部分，其北缘为活动大陆边缘，大致在晚志留世—早泥盆世受北缘俯冲后撤作用影响，南天山地区经历了强烈的弧后伸展，本次识别的流纹岩可能形成于早泥盆世弧后伸展裂谷的构造背景。
Abstract:Objective The composition and age of metamorphic rocks provide a crucial window into understanding the nature, formation, and evolution of orogenic belt basements. Based on an analysis of zircon age and trace elements from the Xingeer Formation in the eastern part of the South Tianshan Orogenic Belt, this paper explores the age of meta−rhyolite and its significance for the tectonic evolution of the Southern Tianshan orogenic belt.
Methods The lithology, LA−ICP−MS zircon U−Pb dating, and zircon trace element analysis of the meta−rhyolite in the Xingeer Formation, located in the eastern part of the South Tianshan Orogenic Belt, have been systematically conducted. The data have been comprehensively analyzed in conjunction with regional research findings.
Results LA−ICP−MS zircon U−Pb dating results indicate that the protolith was formed in the Early Devonian (418~412 Ma). The zircon exhibits a relative depletion in light rare earth elements (LREE) and enrichment in heavy rare earth elements (HREE), characterized by a negative Eu anomaly and a positive Ce anomaly. Trace element analysis reveals positive anomalies of U and Hf, along with negative anomalies of Nb, La, Pr, and Ti. Based on zircon trace element analysis, it is inferred that the crustal thickness at the time of rhyolite eruption was less than 35 km, with evidence of plagioclase fractionation and crystallization in the magmatic source region. The zircon Ti thermometer indicates a high magmatic crystallization temperature (>800°C), suggesting a high−temperature magmatic origin. This implies that the rhyolite's development may be associated with continental rifting.
Conclusions Based on previous studies, it is inferred that the South Tianshan Orogenic Belt may have been part of the Tarim Craton during the Early Paleozoic, with its northern margin representing an active continental margin. Influenced by subduction and retreat along the northern margin, the South Tianshan region experienced significant back−arc extension during the Late Silurian to Early Devonian. The meta−rhyolite identified in this study is likely to have formed within the tectonic setting of Early Devonian back−arc extensional rifting.
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图 1 中亚造山带及邻近克拉通分布简图（a，据Windley et al., 2007修改）和南天山造山带及邻区大地构造简图（b，据Wang et al., 2018a修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 库尔勒北部南天山造山带地质简图（a，据Lin et al., 2013修改）和南天山造山带哈满沟地区地质简图（b，据新疆维吾尔自治区地质局，1959修改）
Figure 2.
图 7 南天山造山带哈满沟地区变流纹岩锆石球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线图（a，c）和微量元素蛛网图（b，d）（标准化值据McDonough et al., 1995）
Figure 7.
图 8 南天山哈满沟地区变流纹岩锆石来源判别图（据Grimes et al., 2007修改）
Figure 8.
图 9 南天山哈满沟地区变流纹岩锆石微量元素构造背景判别图（据Yang et al., 2012）
Figure 9.
图 10 不同构造背景下锆石的判别图解（据Schulz et al., 2006）
Figure 10.
表 1 哈满沟变流纹岩LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Th−Pb同位素组成
Table 1. LA−ICP−MS zircon U−Th−Pb isotopic composition of metarhyolite from Hamangou
测点号 含量/10−6 Th/U 同位素比值 同位素年龄/Ma Th U 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ HMG10 01 49.5 50.3 0.98 0.0551 0.0066 0.509 0.06 0.0672 0.0023 240 240 406 40 419 14 02 66.7 61.6 1.08 0.0521 0.0058 0.478 0.05 0.0679 0.003 170 210 395 36 423 18 03 59.4 61.9 0.96 0.0528 0.0057 0.465 0.047 0.0655 0.0028 190 210 386 34 408 17 04 56.1 53.9 1.04 0.0572 0.0067 0.532 0.065 0.0662 0.0035 360 250 418 44 413 21 05 53.3 54.9 0.97 0.0563 0.0059 0.517 0.052 0.066 0.0029 350 220 414 35 412 17 06 47.3 59.5 0.79 0.052 0.01 0.452 0.08 0.0637 0.0037 160 360 367 54 398 22 07 218 157 1.39 0.0579 0.0043 0.525 0.038 0.0666 0.0019 430 150 429 26 415 11 08 66.2 64.4 1.03 0.0597 0.0066 0.518 0.056 0.063 0.0025 430 230 414 38 394 15 09 36.6 46 0.80 0.059 0.0077 0.521 0.064 0.0654 0.0028 340 260 412 42 408 17 10 87 74.1 1.17 0.0557 0.0058 0.511 0.048 0.0668 0.0028 330 210 411 31 416 17 11 36.7 45 0.82 0.0568 0.0068 0.498 0.056 0.0648 0.0028 300 240 399 38 404 17 12 58 70.6 0.82 0.0571 0.0063 0.521 0.06 0.0641 0.0024 370 220 414 39 401 15 13 53.2 53.5 0.99 0.0538 0.0069 0.485 0.059 0.0656 0.0022 190 240 389 40 410 13 14 68.8 69.6 0.99 0.0592 0.0088 0.521 0.069 0.0676 0.0039 430 300 432 55 421 24 15 52.6 53.9 0.98 0.0551 0.0073 0.472 0.06 0.0635 0.0022 270 260 381 40 397 13 16 41.6 45.8 0.91 0.0607 0.0076 0.567 0.078 0.0666 0.0032 440 260 440 51 415 19 17 73.6 61.4 1.20 0.0607 0.0096 0.542 0.084 0.0643 0.0034 470 330 430 56 401 20 18 58.9 57 1.03 0.062 0.0067 0.57 0.055 0.0688 0.0029 500 220 456 38 429 18 19 70.8 72 0.98 0.0578 0.0052 0.523 0.046 0.0656 0.0022 400 190 420 31 410 13 20 72.1 61 1.18 0.0511 0.0047 0.472 0.046 0.0665 0.0025 160 180 385 31 415 15 21 57.1 60.8 0.94 0.0562 0.0052 0.503 0.049 0.0646 0.0027 340 190 405 33 403 16 22 205 270 0.76 0.0548 0.0025 0.532 0.025 0.0699 0.0015 363 98 431 17 435.5 8.7 23 474 393 1.21 0.0557 0.0022 0.577 0.022 0.0743 0.0017 421 91 461 14 462 10 24 85.9 75.1 1.14 0.0561 0.0055 0.504 0.052 0.0648 0.0028 370 210 412 36 404 17 25 93.5 70.4 1.33 0.0591 0.0066 0.537 0.06 0.0659 0.0022 400 230 425 39 411 13 26 74.5 63.5 1.17 0.0514 0.0055 0.497 0.053 0.0688 0.0025 190 220 400 36 428 15 27 56.9 57.6 0.99 0.0557 0.0064 0.495 0.054 0.0655 0.0027 280 230 398 36 409 17 28 79 79.2 1.00 0.0539 0.0061 0.479 0.052 0.0648 0.0025 220 230 387 36 405 15 29 63 64.2 0.98 0.0585 0.0062 0.524 0.052 0.0651 0.0022 390 220 418 35 406 14 30 45.7 49.5 0.92 0.0574 0.0071 0.506 0.058 0.0646 0.0025 380 260 405 40 404 15 HMG12 01 297 183 1.62 0.0575 0.0041 0.53 0.037 0.067 0.0019 430 160 427 25 418 11 02 163 120 1.36 0.055 0.0049 0.503 0.042 0.0669 0.0022 300 180 408 28 417 13 03 197 142 1.39 0.0697 0.0046 0.694 0.056 0.0684 0.0023 920 160 533 35 427 14 04 111 94.5 1.17 0.077 0.01 0.74 0.11 0.0675 0.0027 930 250 538 60 421 16 05 158 135 1.17 0.0566 0.0039 0.53 0.038 0.0678 0.0022 400 140 427 25 423 14 06 318 209 1.52 0.0529 0.0037 0.493 0.038 0.0661 0.0018 290 150 402 25 412 11 07 127 87 1.46 0.0584 0.0058 0.528 0.052 0.066 0.0027 400 200 422 34 412 16 08 297 200 1.49 0.0561 0.0026 0.527 0.028 0.0679 0.0021 410 100 427 18 423 13 09 465 256 1.82 0.0554 0.0034 0.501 0.028 0.0662 0.0017 360 130 413 20 413 10 10 223 166 1.34 0.0562 0.0042 0.524 0.041 0.0669 0.0016 370 160 422 27 417 10 11 213 116 1.84 0.0571 0.0044 0.53 0.044 0.0672 0.0023 400 160 426 28 419 14 12 89 86.3 1.03 0.0526 0.0049 0.47 0.037 0.0658 0.0023 240 180 386 26 411 14 13 324 221 1.47 0.0562 0.0032 0.516 0.03 0.0662 0.0015 400 130 419 20 413 9 14 381 198 1.92 0.0603 0.0052 0.563 0.051 0.0678 0.0028 530 190 449 33 423 17 15 245 189 1.30 0.0531 0.0038 0.478 0.032 0.0663 0.0021 260 150 397 23 413 12 16 289 180 1.61 0.0556 0.0042 0.508 0.037 0.0659 0.0018 350 150 413 25 411 11 17 214 126.4 1.69 0.057 0.0048 0.531 0.045 0.0676 0.0024 380 170 426 29 422 15 18 312 183 1.70 0.0548 0.0037 0.505 0.034 0.0666 0.002 330 140 411 23 415 12 19 683 250 2.73 0.053 0.0033 0.489 0.028 0.0674 0.0021 270 130 402 19 420 12 20 404 245 1.65 0.0555 0.0033 0.538 0.034 0.07 0.0019 370 130 434 22 436 11 21 239 160 1.49 0.0556 0.0038 0.529 0.037 0.0678 0.0018 390 150 426 25 423 11 22 167 122 1.37 0.052 0.0042 0.482 0.041 0.0667 0.002 210 160 394 28 416 12 23 322 214 1.50 0.0551 0.0038 0.501 0.031 0.0673 0.002 350 150 409 21 419 12 24 230 132 1.74 0.056 0.0043 0.493 0.036 0.0651 0.002 360 160 403 24 407 12 25 699 296 2.36 0.0543 0.0028 0.523 0.031 0.0687 0.0018 360 120 424 20 428 11 26 548 280 1.96 0.0612 0.0042 0.554 0.035 0.0657 0.0021 570 150 445 23 410 12 27 187 127.9 1.46 0.0572 0.0047 0.521 0.044 0.0659 0.0017 390 170 419 29 411 10 28 209 141 1.48 0.0592 0.0047 0.548 0.039 0.0674 0.0023 480 160 439 25 421 14 29 222 160 1.39 0.0594 0.0044 0.554 0.039 0.068 0.0022 490 160 443 25 424 13 
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表 2 哈满沟变流纹岩LA−ICP−MS锆石微量和稀土元素组成
Table 2. LA−ICP−MS zircon trace elements and REE composition of metarhyolite from Hamangou
10−6 测点号 Sc Ti Y Nb La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Eu /Eu* Ce /Ce* TZr/℃ HMG10 1 218 616 0.19 22.3 0.011 1.15 1.5 0.42 11.2 4.4 50.7 20.4 84.7 19.9 204 37 9240 0.17 49.5 50.3 0.31 0.93 2 203 60 889 0.26 23.3 0.133 2.12 4.07 0.87 17.8 6.5 79.3 34.2 144 33.1 305 50.4 9050 0.5 66.7 61.6 0.31 1.07 927 3 171 8 980 25.1 1.39 3.6 0.52 17.8 6.2 78.2 30 131 30.2 274 48.3 9690 0.53 59.4 61.9 0.20 0.93 722 4 258 24 520 0.32 0.56 21.9 0.76 6.9 5 0.72 9.8 3.49 46.1 19 82.7 18.4 202 36.2 9410 0.46 56.1 53.9 0.31 8.23 824 5 248 49 744 21.4 0.042 1.67 2.9 0.63 16.3 6.4 63.1 25.1 107 24.8 275 39.9 8300 0.8 53.3 54.9 0.28 0.69 903 6 297 20 628 3.7 23.1 0.84 3.5 0.33 12.4 3.76 46.5 18.6 91 18.8 197 36.8 9300 0.29 47.3 59.5 0.15 0.73 806 7 219 27 1890 3.1 0.27 35.9 0.51 7 12 1.84 50.5 16.2 182 72.2 283 57.9 547 100.6 8130 0.43 218 157 0.23 23.72 837 8 247 50 663 0.67 2.6 29.9 1.02 6.3 5.5 0.98 16.8 4.84 59.4 22.5 97 23.7 231 39.2 9370 0.39 66.2 64.4 0.31 4.50 905 9 230 19 570 18.7 0.021 0.65 1.33 0.45 9.4 3.8 45.4 20.8 94 20.3 185 38.4 8860 0.65 36.6 46 0.39 801 10 208 1020 0.86 25.4 0.18 2.9 5.6 1.07 25.9 9.5 104 35.1 157 37.3 320 58.2 9900 0.6 87 74.1 0.27 11 170 40 589 0.7 18.6 0.63 1.78 0.44 13.2 3.94 50.2 22 92.2 19.2 209 36.6 8770 0.44 36.7 45 0.28 879 12 159 668 1.1 30.8 0.012 1.83 2.71 0.22 13.7 4.4 52.4 21.2 100 21.4 213 41.3 8770 0.73 58 70.6 0.11 13 274 58 680 0.39 24.3 0.048 0.58 2.17 0.59 15.2 5.18 58.8 23.4 108 23.9 235 42.4 8420 0.33 53.2 53.5 0.314 923 14 242 58 847 0.51 26.3 0.25 3 3.7 0.62 17.8 6.2 79 29.9 132 26.6 253 54.6 9320 0.18 68.8 69.6 0.234 18.06 923 15 252 28 715 2.5 23.1 0.053 2.2 3.05 0.57 14.4 6.6 65.2 27 120 28 253 45.7 9260 0.59 52.6 53.9 0.263 840 16 220 32 559 20.3 0.019 1.09 1.4 0.51 15.5 4.41 54.1 25.4 95 19.7 195 36.4 8770 0.55 41.6 45.8 0.33 855 17 251 22 996 0.32 64 187 19 108 25.6 2.87 44.9 9.9 107 40.8 157 30.7 302 51.8 8520 0.51 73.6 61.4 0.259 1.31 815 18 189 9 738 1.5 0.2 24.9 0.056 0.64 2.74 0.59 19.5 7.5 71.6 27.9 118 27.3 261 47.5 8650 0.24 58.9 57 0.247 57.69 732 19 296 26 787 28 0.083 0.99 3.32 0.92 15.4 6 71.9 29.4 125 28.5 300 49.2 9710 0.61 70.8 72 0.393 833 20 238 21 967 0.34 22.8 2.1 3.5 1.04 25.4 7.9 84 37.3 164 32.6 314 61.8 9530 0.65 72.1 61 0.34 811 21 270 1 672 2.5 22.6 0.016 1.07 2.54 0.5 16.9 5.1 64.6 24.6 103 21.3 216 41.1 9000 0.45 57.1 60.8 0.233 572 22 178 871 2.3 39.3 1.29 2.34 0.75 14.2 5.2 65.5 33.1 148 37.5 367 75 10300 1.97 205 270 0.398 23 415 23 2080 1.6 20.8 79 5.6 27.6 12.3 2.06 51.1 14.4 191 79.3 374 71.5 693 136 8950 1.04 474 393 0.251 1.79 820 24 287 68 896 0.38 25.3 0.062 2.1 3.8 0.56 22.1 7.3 84.9 32.8 147 30.3 303 54.7 9290 0.56 85.9 75.1 0.19 943 25 236 45 919 0.028 27 0.32 3.2 6.5 0.71 25.6 8.1 103 36.4 157 34.8 285 57.9 8150 0.56 93.5 70.4 0.168 69.93 893 26 158 14 922 21.9 0.85 5.4 0.97 22.9 6.83 103 35.1 148 30.7 322 54.4 8870 0.64 74.5 63.5 0.267 771 27 239 38 569 0.8 0.39 22.9 0.075 1.76 2.61 0.43 12 4.01 59.6 23.5 111 21.9 210 41.3 8390 0.54 56.9 57.6 0.235 32.83 874 28 271 990 1.5 28.5 0.1 3 5.4 1.07 27 9.3 103 41.9 149 29.6 329 58.7 9370 0.58 79 79.2 0.27 29 206 25 620 21.4 1.85 2.71 0.69 17.7 5.5 65 24.5 125 28.5 243 46.9 8190 0.33 63 64.2 0.305 828 30 219 611 0.096 20.3 0.9 2.11 0.4 13.9 4.32 60.8 24.5 99 19.5 198 38.1 8540 0.4 45.7 49.5 0.226 18.43 HMG12 1 236 12 1650 3.6 78.6 0.24 3.8 6.8 2.7 44.5 13.7 150 64 277 55 504 95.8 7500 0.76 297 183 0.47 0.93 757 2 274 2 1920 0.33 41.9 0.29 6.3 11.1 3.23 47.9 16.7 179 65 304 63.3 560 96.6 7230 0.7 163 120 0.43 1.07 617 3 330 24 2130 2.7 440 920 120 600 118 17 137 22.9 207 68 287 57 560 103 8000 0.8 197 142 0.41 0.98 824 4 324 49 1440 3.5 0.03 53.5 0.3 3.2 7.7 2.59 39.4 10.6 130 47.8 224 43.6 428 80 8930 0.67 111 94.5 0.45 138.27 903 5 280 13 1620 0.7 0.2 60 0.18 3.6 6.2 2.32 31.1 11 136 53.8 273 47.9 499 100 8370 1.25 158 135 0.51 77.53 765 6 316 2390 3.2 6.6 95 1.73 7.1 10.7 3.83 56 19.3 193 83 378 71 730 131 7350 1.36 318 209 0.48 6.89 7 254 12 995 0.69 31.6 0.57 4.2 5.2 2.09 25.5 7 83.6 35 165 31.2 292 56.7 7050 0.48 127 87 0.55 12.35 757 8 238 25 1610 2.3 77.6 0.17 2.8 6.5 2.08 39.2 11.7 134 53.1 248 45.6 464 81.3 7370 1.19 297 200 0.40 4.50 828 9 286 42 2070 7.1 86.6 0.18 5.3 7.1 2.73 49.7 15.2 194 71.6 319 65.4 548 114.3 7490 1.01 465 256 0.44 885 10 174 2 2070 1.9 0.036 69.9 0.18 3.8 10 3.32 52.8 14.4 192 70.5 327 62.9 597 108 8080 1.43 223 166 0.44 212.90 617 11 323 17 2690 0.36 0.034 36.4 0.55 9.1 15.8 9.7 93 25.4 254 89.6 428 86 727 145 6770 0.42 213 116 0.77 65.26 790 12 274 10 1260 0.39 35.1 0.106 1.81 6.3 2.02 24.1 9.2 101 43.7 220 42.7 429 79.8 7510 0.64 89 86.3 0.50 741 13 261 3 3330 0.34 52 198 16.2 75 28.5 6.47 96 28.7 302 107 476 102 896 155 8860 0.91 324 221 0.378 1.67 645 14 221 19 1570 1.1 0.42 77.1 0.24 4 7.7 2.45 41.5 13.1 145 53.3 233 50.5 430 86.8 6940 1.32 381 198 0.419 59.54 801 15 267 2450 2.2 0.017 76.3 0.42 4.2 11.9 4.14 63.8 21.8 227 89 372 74.7 663 121 8440 1.13 245 189 0.459 221.39 16 254 21 3030 0.33 57.4 0.36 10.2 16.2 6.38 82 25.6 248 97.3 444 85 877 157 7690 0.68 289 180 0.54 811 17 298 45 2090 51.8 0.35 2.5 9 3.92 48.4 11.5 171 64.2 298 61.1 554 104.6 6660 0.55 214 126.4 0.574 1.31 893 18 356 22 2830 2.6 0.014 65.6 0.48 5.6 15.6 6.11 80 24.3 240 94.3 422 92 850 154 6230 0.83 312 183 0.529 196.20 815 19 293 7 4360 1.5 101 0.49 13.4 22.5 11.9 140 40.4 394 142 644 118 1050 193 7480 0.81 683 250 0.648 711 20 293 20 2430 1.9 42.6 193 12.8 64 23.8 5.58 71 21.4 211 83 369 78 675 118 8600 1.05 404 245 0.41 2.03 806 21 323 2920 0.9 0.062 55.5 0.64 8.3 15.7 6.33 79 21.8 264 93 461 88 793 144 7050 0.75 239 160 0.549 68.31 22 251 48 2370 0.8 0.022 45.3 0.19 6.2 12.8 5.62 63 19 214 84.1 364 69.5 720 121 7670 0.29 167 122 0.605 171.79 901 23 276 18 1910 2.4 0.053 81.8 0.016 3.9 7.2 2.6 42.6 13.2 160 65.6 293 60.8 570 105 8120 1.17 322 214 0.454 688.72 795 24 244 15 3070 0.017 70.8 0.6 12.5 24.3 8.55 106 29.7 320 106 495 94 840 139 6930 1.02 230 132 0.52 171.88 778 25 271 2 3440 0.8 39 231 12.6 60 30 8.2 95 30 317 112 463 95 860 142 7200 1.38 699 296 0.47 2.55 617 26 292 2720 2.3 19.6 150 6.9 36.8 19.6 5.73 83.1 20.8 281 93 385 78.2 790 140 7620 0.96 548 280 0.434 3.16 27 263 25 2180 0.34 44.3 0.51 7.1 12.6 5.49 57.9 18.9 206 72.3 351 64.4 650 114.2 7290 0.44 187 127.9 0.621 32.83 828 28 265 76 1570 2.1 0.087 53.4 0.11 2.4 6.3 2.56 38.6 10.8 151 52.5 229 48.5 496 88 7500 0.83 209 141 0.50 133.84 957 29 360 3 1780 0.48 18 96 5.8 31.5 11.9 3.29 41.3 12.8 152 57.5 271 57.4 572 108 7200 0.93 222 160 0.454 2.30 645 注：空白表示低于检测线
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