The development of overseas exploration of white hydrogen and implications for China
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摘要:
氢能被认为是清洁能源的天花板，在能源领域将发挥越来越重要的作用。现阶段，氢能仅被视为一种二次能源，不具备大规模、稳定开发的特点，而且绝大多数氢能制备来自化石能源，排放大量温室气体，与清洁能源的目的相背离。由于过度依赖化石能源带来的环境问题日益突出，对地质氢（白氢）的研究得到了越来越多的重视。随着研究的深入，目前世界范围内已有百余处高含量（>10%）白氢报道，尤其是法国东北部洛林盆地白氢矿床的发现，据估算，该矿床氢气资源量在6 × 106~2.5 × 108 t之间。白氢被认为是应对气候危机的关键能源。基于前人的大量研究，介绍了氢能来源分类，对比分析了白氢与工艺制氢相比，具有环保零碳、生产成本极低、可再生三大天然优势。依据国际上白氢的研究进展，分析认为地球拥有一套完备的产氢机制。相关研究表明，高含量白氢广泛分布在裂谷、板块俯冲带、前寒武纪结晶基底等区域，白氢的资源前景和应用前景广阔，美欧等国家正加紧布局白氢勘查。中国也具备白氢矿床发育的地质条件，然而与欧美等国家相比，中国白氢研究工作有待提升，基于此，对中国白氢地质工作提出3点建议：启动松辽盆地和柴达木盆地白氢调查试点，加强综合研究和理论技术研发，建设高素质的白氢人才队伍。
Abstract:Hydrogen energy is considered to be the cleanest energy and will play an increasingly important role in the future energy field. At present, it is only regarded as a secondary energy and does not have the characteristics of large scale and stability. Besides, most hydrogen energies are produced from fossil energies, which emit a lot of greenhouse gases. Because the environment problems caused by excessive dependence on fossil energies, it has become much important to study geological hydrogen (known as “white or native hydrogen”). With the deepening of research, hundreds of white hydrogen discoveries with high content have been reported worldwide, especially, the discovery in the Lorrain Basin, France. It is estimated that the resource is about ranging 6 million to 250 million tons. White hydrogen has regarded as the key energy to combat the climate crisis. Based on the previous studies, the hydrogen color spectrum is introduced. Compared with hydrogen produced by other routes, white hydrogen has three natural advantages of zero carbon, very low production cost and renewable. According to the progress of international exploration for white hydrogen, it is concluded that the Earth has a complete hydrogen production mechanism. Relevant studies have shown that white hydrogen with high content is widely distributed in rifts, plate subduction zones, and Precambrian crystalline basement. Both the resource and application prospects of white hydrogen are broad and the United States and Europe and other countries are stepping up the layout of white hydrogen exploration. According to the previous research, China also has the geological conditions for the white hydrogen. However, compared with other countries, the research work on white hydrogen needs to be improved. Based on this, three suggestions are put forward for white hydrogen work in China, which are launching white hydrogen investigation pilot projects in Songliao Basin and Qaidam Basin, strengthening comprehensive research and theoretical technology research and development of white hydrogen and also building a high−quality white hydrogen talent team.
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Key words:
- clean energy /
- hydrogen energy /
- white hydrogen /
- Songliao Basin /
- Qaidam Basin /
- mineral exploration engineering
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图 1 地球的“氢工厂”模型图（据Hand, 2023修改）
Figure 1.
表 1 不同颜色氢气生产效能对比
Table 1. Comparison of efficiency for hydrogen in different colors
制氢技术 氢类型 单位成本/ （美元‧ kg−1） 二氧化碳排放量/（kg‧kg−1) 资料来源 化石能源加工制备 棕氢 1.2~2 20 Arcos et al., 2023 灰氢 0.67~1.31 8.5 Arcos et al., 2023 蓝氢 0.99~2.05 1~2.4 Yu et al., 2021 电解和热解水制备 绿氢 2.28~7.39 0 Yu et al., 2021 粉氢 2.18~5.65 0 地球内部天然形成 白氢 1 0 Paddison, 2023 注：二氧化碳排放只考虑燃烧和化学转化 
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表 2 国外代表性及中国高含量白氢
Table 2. Representative white hydrogen locations of different countries
国家 地标/地点 氢气含量/% 发现时间（年） 资料来源 澳大利亚 Penneshaw 68.6 1933 Ward, 1933 Coonanna 15.7~16.5 1934 Woolnough, 1934 Mungyer 17.4 1934 Woolnough, 1934 Robe 25.4 1934 Woolnough, 1934 Minlaton 84 1934 Woolnough, 1934 Ramsay 1 well 73.3 2023 Collins, 2023 美国 Washtenaw 26 1935 Newcombe, 1935 Hofmann #3 高达96.3 1987 Moore et al., 1987 Augustine 51.5 2003 Symonds et al., 2003 Heins well 高达80 2011 Vacquand, 2011 Barnes Spring 34~39.2 2013 Morrill et al., 2013 Camp Spring 50.9 2013 Morrill et al., 2013 Scott well 高达56 1983 Zgonnik, 2020 Sue Duroche2 well 高达91.8 2017 Guélard et al., 2017 俄罗斯 Solikamsk 34.6 1958 Savchenko, 1958 Pechora basin 76~81 1971 Zgonnik, 2020 Krasnoyarovskoe 37.8~98.7 1978 Zgonnik, 2020 Severnaya 24.2~86.6 1981 Zgonnik, 2020 Kola superdeep 93.8 1990 Zgonnik, 2020 Lovozero 35.2 2004 Potter et al., 2004 Uglovsky 21.2~27 2010 Zgonnik, 2020 法国 Wittelsheim >50 1981 Zgonnik, 2020 Les Tiogaux 14.1 1990 Zgonnik, 2020 Lorrain Basin >20 2023 Hand, 2023a 德国 Eristgal 22.1 1936 Zgonnik, 2020 Burbach 24.6 1936 Zgonnik, 2020 Stassfurt 82.3~93 1936 Zgonnik, 2020 Muhlhausen 61.5 1984 Angino et al., 1984 加拿大 Rabbit Lake 高达21 1988 Dubessy et al.,1988 Timmins 高达12.7 1988 Dubessy et al.,1988 Cluff Lake 高达19 1988 Dubessy et al.,1988 Strange Lake 高达35 1997 Salvi et al., 1997 Sudbury 高达57.8 2014 Lollar, 2014 日本 Iwo Jima 18 1971 Zgonnik, 2020 Mihara 72~90.2 1982 Showashinzan 25 1983 Arima 51.4 1983 马里 Bourakebougou 98 2016 Briere et al., 2016 阿曼 Hawasina 85.9 2011 Vacquand, 2011 Barrage 75.2 2011 Magniyat 87.3 2011 Bahla 97 2011 Nizwa 99 2011 中国 松辽盆地SK2井 高达26.89 2022 Han et al., 2022 渤海湾东营凹陷 高达22.8 2002 金之钧等，2002 楚雄盆地盐丰凹陷 18.33~43.79 2002 李秀梅，2002 柴达木盆地三湖地区SN2井 高达99 2010 Shuai et al., 2010 川东黔中隆起 高达15.24 2012 余川，2012 黔北正页1井 24.70~36.98 2017 秦川等，2017 渤海湾即墨 13 2020 Hao et al., 2020
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表 3 国外代表性白氢项目
Table 3. Representative project for white hydrogen in overseas
项目发起国家 项目负责方 情况介绍 资料来源 美国 美国NH2E公司 2019年在堪萨斯州开钻了美国第一口天然氢，
现阶段已计划开展
新的钻探工作Hand, 2023a 能源部 2023年9月初宣布将拨款2 × 107美元用于白氢开采技术研究，月底与阿曼能源和资源部就阿曼勘探和生产白氢签署了谅解备忘录 Enery. gov., 2023 澳大利亚HyTerra公司 2023年计划在美国内布拉斯加州日内瓦开发世界第一口商业化
白氢井，现阶段钻探工作已启动Evans, 2023 澳大利亚 澳大利亚Gold Hydrogen公司 2021年评估了南澳袋鼠岛和约克半岛白氢资源量达130 × 104 t，2023年在南澳首口探井又发现浓度高达73.3%的白氢 窦立荣等，2024 法国 法国45-8能源公司 2021年确定了整个欧洲各种白氢高潜力区域，2023年发布首次
试采计划，目前已向多个欧洲国家提交白氢勘查许可证45-8 Energy, 2023；
田黔宁等，2022法国国家科学研究中心 2023年在法国洛林废弃矿山发现天然氢矿床，预计白氢储量
6 × 106~2.5 × 108 tPaddison, 2023 法国政府 2023年法国总统明确表示将提供大量的资金支持探索
法国白氢的潜力Collins, 2023 加拿大 自然资源部 2023年实施为期2年的本国氢资源量评估工作 Dove, 2023 加拿大Chapman Hydrogen and Petroleum Engineering公司 2024年夏天将在Ontario进行白氢钻井工作 Bakx, 2024 德国 联邦教育与研究部 2019年投资3× 107 欧元在西非调查白氢资源潜力 窦立荣等，2024 西班牙 美国Ascent Hydrogen Funds
公司2020 年，与西班牙Helios Aragón公司签署勘探协议，研究西班牙阿拉贡地区的高含量白氢异常 Ascent Funds, 2020 西班牙Helios Aragón公司 2023年4月在西班牙北部比利牛斯山脉山麓发现一个储量超过1 × 106 t的氢气储层，计划在2024年钻探，2028年商业化生产 Parkes, 2023 西洲马里 加拿大Hydroma公司 2011年在Bourakebougou建成全球首个商业化白氢发电站，目前已累计在该区完钻25口井，发现5个氢气储层 窦立荣等，2024 韩国 韩国国家石油公司 2023年宣布已在韩国5个潜力地点发现了白氢 Collins, 2023
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