Occurrences and migration behavior of tin: Implications for the genesis of the Xitieshan deposit
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摘要:
研究目的 青海锡铁山矿床是中国最大的铅锌矿之一，其围岩发育大量基性火山岩，但金属元素组合以Pb和Zn为主，缺乏与围岩特征对应的Cu、Sn等成矿元素，造成前人对其原始成因类型是火山岩容矿的块矿硫化物矿床（VMS）还是碎屑岩容矿的块状硫化物矿物（SEDEX）存在分歧。
研究方法 通过细致的显微镜岩相学观察，结合矿物自动分析系统（TIMA）和电子探针（EPMA）分析，对锡铁山矿床中不同类型的矿石开展综合分析研究。
研究结果 锡铁山矿床层状/似层状矿体中的主要矿石分为纹层状、薄层状和厚层状矿石3类，分别代表原始沉积矿层、轻度重结晶矿层和变质再活化矿层。锡在代表喷流沉积阶段的纹层状矿石中主要赋存于与胶黄铁矿共生的铁氧化物中；在代表轻度重结晶的薄层状矿石中主要赋存于黄铁矿层伴生的石英中，少数分布于黄铁矿晶格缺陷的他形锡石中；而在遭受变质再活化的厚层状矿石中主要分布于后期闪锌矿细脉和方铅矿细脉中，其中方铅矿细脉中主要为自形粒状黄锡矿和他形—半自形粒状锡石。
结论 结合区域地质演化和矿石成分变化特征，提出锡铁山矿床为VMS，并经历了三阶段演化，即喷流沉积阶段、成岩重结晶阶段和变质改造阶段。在上述演化过程中，矿床中的锡经历了早期喷流沉积富集和随后的变质再活化迁移，形成了如今贫锡的现状。研究认为，锡铁山矿床形成后经历强烈的变质改造作用是锡铁山富铅锌而贫锡等亲镁铁质岩成矿元素的主要原因。
Abstract:Objective The Xitieshan deposit in Qinghai Province is one of the largest lead–zinc (Pb−Zn) deposits in China. Although its host rocks are dominated by mafic volcanic rocks, the ore exhibits a metal assemblage primarily composed of Pb and Zn, with a notable deficiency in copper (Cu) and tin (Sn)—elements typically associated with mafic−hosted mineralization. This compositional mismatch has led to long−standing controversy regarding the deposit’s primary genetic type as Volcanic−hosted Massive Sulfide deposit (VMS) or Sedimentary Exhalative deposit (SEDEX).
Methods This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of ores from the Xitieshan deposit through detailed petrographic observations under the microscope, combined with automated mineralogy using TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA).
Results The main ore types in the stratiform/sub−stratiform orebodies of the Xitieshan deposit are classified into three categories: laminated ores, thin−layered ores, and thick−layered ores, which respectively represent primary syngenetic sedimentary layers, weakly recrystallized layers, and metamorphically reactivated layers. Tin in the laminated ores, representing the exhalative sedimentary stage, is mainly hosted in iron oxides associated with gel−textured goethite. In the thin−layered ores, which reflect weak recrystallization, tin is predominantly hosted in quartz intergrown with pyrite layers, and partially occurs as anhedral cassiterite associated with lattice defects in pyrite. In the thick−layered ores, which have undergone metamorphic reactivation, tin is mainly distributed in late−stage sphalerite and galena micro−veins, with stannite occurring as euhedral grains and cassiterite as anhedral to subhedral grains within galena veins.
Conclusions Based on the regional geological evolution and the compositional variation of the ores, this study proposes a three−stage evolutionary model for the Xitieshan deposit, such as the volcanic exhalation stage, the diagenetic−recrystallization stage, and the metamorphic overprint stage. Due to the complicated formation and subsequent overprinting processes, Sn underwent early−stage exhalative sedimentary enrichment followed by remobilization during a later stage of metamorphism, ultimately resulting in Sn depletion in the current orebodies of the deposit. This study suggests that the intense metamorphic transformation experienced after the formation is the primary reason for the enrichment of Pb–Zn and the concurrent depletion of Sn and other ore−forming elements typically associated with mafic host rocks in the Xitieshan deposit.
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Key words:
- tin /
- ore fabric /
- occurrence /
- VMS /
- Xitieshan deposit /
- Qinghai Province
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图 1 柴达木北缘造山带位置（a）及其主要构造单元和主要矿床分布（b）（据Feng et al., 2022修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 锡铁山矿床矿区地质图（据Feng et al., 2022修改）
Figure 2.
表 1 锡铁山矿床中锡石电子探针分析结果
Table 1. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) results of cassiterite from the Xitieshan deposit
% 矿石 锡石产状 样品编号 编号 SiO2 Nb2O5 ZrO2 In2O3 SnO2 TiO2 WO3 Ta2O5 Al2O3 FeO MnO Cr2O3 HfO2 总计 层状矿石
XT-74包裹于黄铁矿 Cst-1-1 1 0.134 - 0.018 - 96.128 0.014 0.149 - 0.003 2.775 0.003 - 0.052 99.276 Cst-1-2 3 0.116 - 0.04 0.081 96.522 - - 0.102 0.009 2.648 - - - 99.518 Cst-1-3 4 0.121 0.011 0.085 0.192 95.233 - 0.223 0.019 0.017 3.261 0.043 0.055 0.021 99.281 Cst-1-1 5 0.237 - - 0.133 94.873 0.028 0.333 0.148 0.083 3.163 - 0.184 0.157 99.339 Cst-1-2 6 0.097 0.018 0.054 0.128 94.809 1.161 0.283 - - 2.662 - 0.06 0.099 99.371 Cst-1-3 7 0.069 0.011 0.089 0.165 95.117 0.511 0.015 - 0.009 1.799 0.02 0.095 0.172 98.072 铅锌硫化物脉
XT-72与方铅脉共生 Cst-2-4 8 0.06 0.085 - 0.074 98.619 0.242 - 0.018 - 0.032 0.03 0.02 0.005 99.185 Cst-2-5 9 0.085 0.029 - 0.189 99.255 - 0.198 - - - 0.023 0.01 0.078 99.867 Cst-2-6 10 0.136 - 0.071 0.15 98.230 0.043 - - 0.002 0.289 - - - 98.921 Cst-2-7 11 0.079 - 0.093 0.122 99.280 - - - - - 0.007 - 0.172 99.753 Cst-2-8 12 0.082 - 0.058 0.139 99.238 - 0.035 0.194 0.008 0.005 - - - 99.759 Cst-2-9 13 0.071 0.052 - 0.193 97.866 0.014 - - - 0.088 0.017 - 0.078 98.379 Cst-2-10 14 0.076 - - 0.162 98.648 - 0.173 - 0.007 0.088 - 0.055 0.114 99.323 Cst-2-11 15 0.059 0.022 - 0.146 98.291 0.527 0.045 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.09 - 0.01 99.214 Cst-2-12 16 0.061 - 0.022 0.176 98.663 0.185 0.104 0.065 0.015 0.046 - 0.045 - 99.382 Cst-2-13 17 0.097 0.022 0.009 0.16 97.66 - 0.148 0.065 0.022 0.63 0.033 - - 98.846 Cst-2-14 18 0.103 - 0.004 0.157 98.129 0.242 - - - 0.751 0.047 - - 99.433 Cst-2-15 19 0.117 0.018 0.004 0.121 99.892 0.188 - - - 0.048 0.023 0.052 - 100.463 包裹于赤铁矿 Cst-2H-1 20 0.065 - - 0.117 97.99 0.025 0.034 - 0.02 2.355 - - 0.018 100.624 Cst-2H-2 21 0.046 0.022 0.088 0.112 98.784 0.15 - - 0.046 1.589 0.07 0.033 0.089 101.029 包裹于黄锡矿 Cst-2S-1 22 0.123 - 0.053 0.04 98.975 0.025 - 0.302 - 1.986 0.02 - - 101.524 Cst-2S-2 23 0.125 - 0.022 0.147 99.52 0.013 - 0.097 0.002 0.873 0.04 - - 100.839 Cst-2S-3 24 0.137 0.044 0.035 0.144 99.691 0.075 - 0.004 - 0.688 - 0.122 - 100.940 注：“-”为低于检测限 
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