Carbon footprint-based time-series changes of carbon sources/sinks in farmland ecosystems and its contribution to carbon neutrality in Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province, China
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摘要:
研究目的 近年来，碳足迹分析广泛应用于农田生态系统碳源/汇评估，但中国地市级研究仍存在时间跨度窄、关键过程（如农田N2O排放、稻田CH4释放、土壤呼吸与固碳）测算缺失等问题，导致区域碳源/汇评估偏差，制约“双碳”政策精准落地。本次研究旨在揭示黑龙江省黑河市40年间（1984—2023年）农田生态系统碳源/汇时序演变规律，量化碳汇对碳中和的贡献潜力，识别碳足迹主导因素，为地方政府实现“双碳”目标提供数据支持。
研究方法 以黑河市农田生态系统为研究对象，基于40年间（1984—2023年）农作物播种面积、产量和农业生产投入等统计数据，利用农田生态系统碳足迹模型，全面评估该地区农田生态系统碳源/汇总量及区域碳汇贡献指数。
研究结果 ①1984—2023年黑河市农田生态系统的碳排放量呈现持续增长态势，年均增长率达2.84%，期间，碳吸收量与碳足迹均表现出波动性上升趋势，但碳吸收总量多显著高于碳排放总量，两者比例处于2.59∶1的水平。②从碳排放结构看，土壤呼吸和农田N2O排放是主要的碳排放源，占比分别是58.80%和32.22%；化肥、农药施用和农业灌溉在农业生产资料投入中占据碳排放的重要比例（74.51%、 12.26%和8.66%），尽管农膜使用产生的碳排放占比相对较低（1.33%），仍需给予足够重视。③农田生态系统碳吸收量主要与农作物类型及产量有关，粮食作物和土壤构成了农田碳汇的主体，占比分别是84.08%和10.10%，其中大豆、玉米、小麦是主要的碳吸收作物，贡献了黑河地区80.83%的碳吸收量。④黑河市农田生态系统碳足迹占同时期耕地面积的比例略低（28.80%~66.44%），该区域农业生态系统的碳汇能力较强。
结论 黑河市农田生态系统呈现碳生态盈余，发挥良好生态屏障作用，未来仍需深化农业“三减”促进可持续发展，同时进一步提升农业生态系统碳汇功能，协同推进“双碳”目标与区域高质量发展。
Abstract:Objective In recent years, carbon footprint analysis has been widely applied to the assessment of carbon sources/sinks in farmland ecosystems, but Chinese prefecture and municipal level studies still have problems such as narrow time span and lack of measurement of key processes (e.g., N2O emissions from farmland, CH4 release from rice paddies, and soil respiration and sequestration), which lead to bias in the assessment of regional carbon sources/sinks and constrain the precise implementation of the “dual−carbon” policy. This study aims to reveal the time−series evolution of carbon sources/sinks in farmland ecosystems in Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province, over a 40−year period (1984—2023), to quantify the potential of carbon sinks to contribute to carbon neutrality, and to identify the dominant factors of carbon footprints, so as to provide data support for the local government to realize the goal of “dual−carbon”.
Methods Based on the statistical data of crop sown area, production and agricultural inputs in Heihe City during the 40−year period (1984—2023), and utilizing the carbon footprint model of agricultural ecosystems, we comprehensively assessed the total amount of carbon sources/sinks of agricultural ecosystems in Heihe City, as well as the contribution index of carbon sinks in the region.
Results ①The carbon emissions from farmland ecosystems in Heihe City from 1984 to 2023 showed a continuous growth trend, with an average annual growth rate of 2.84%. During this period, both carbon absorption and carbon footprint showed a fluctuating upward trend, but the total amount of carbon absorbed was much higher than the total amount of carbon emitted, and the ratio of the two was at the level of 2.59∶1. ② From the perspective of carbon emission structure, soil respiration and farmland N2O emission are the main sources of carbon emission, accounting for 58.80% and 32.22% respectively; chemical fertilizer, pesticide application and agricultural irrigation account for a significant proportion of carbon emission from inputs of agricultural means of production (74.51%, 12.26%, and 8.66%), although the proportion of carbon emission generated by the use of agricultural film is relatively low (1.33%), it still needs to be paid enough attention.③The amount of carbon absorbed by farmland ecosystems is mainly related to the type of crops and their yields, with grain crops and soil constituting the bulk of farmland carbon sinks, accounting for 84.08% and 10.10%, respectively, of which soybean, corn, and wheat are the main carbon absorbing crops, contributing to 80.83% of the carbon absorption in the Heihe region. ④The carbon footprint of farmland ecosystems in Heihe City accounted for a slightly lower proportion of the cultivated area in the same period (28.80%~66.44%), and the carbon sink capacity of agroecosystems in the region was stronger.
Conclusions The farmland ecosystem in Heihe City shows a carbon surplus and plays a good role as an ecological barrier, but in the future, it is still necessary to deepen the “three reductions” in agriculture and improve the function of carbon sinks, so as to synergistically promote the goal of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals and the high−quality development of the region.
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Key words:
- farmland ecosystem /
- carbon source /
- carbon sink /
- carbon footprint /
- carbon neutralization /
- Heilongjiang Province
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表 1 农业生产资料的碳排放系数（据王莉等, 2022；宁静等, 2023）
Table 1. Carbon emission factors of agricultural production materials
农业生产资料 碳排放系数 化肥 0.8596 kg/kg 农药 4.9341 kg/kg 农膜 5.1800 kg/kg 农业机械动力 0.1800 kg/kw 农用机械柴油 0.5927 kg/kg 农业灌溉 266.4800 kg/hm2 农业翻耕 3.1260 kg/hm2 
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表 2 施用粪肥的氮施用量参数（据张强, 2010；国家发展改革委, 2011）
Table 2. Nitrogen application rate parameters for manure application
种类 饲养周期 粪便排泄系数/
（kg·d−1·头−1）粪便还田
比例/%粪便全氮
含量/（g·kg−1）黄牛 365 27.67 30 3.51 奶牛 365 53.15 30 3.51 猪 199 5.30 65 2.38 山羊 365 2.38 33 10.14 绵羊 365 2.38 33 10.14 家禽 210 0.002 45 8.96 注：家禽的粪便全氮含量采用平均值
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表 3 秸秆还田中氮的还田量参数（据张强, 2010；国家发展改革委, 2011）
Table 3. Nitrogen return rate parameters for straw returning
农作物类型 秸秆籽粒比 秸秆全氮量/（g·kg−1） 秸秆还田比例/% 水稻 1.20 7.53 30 小麦 1.30 5.16 45 玉米 1.28 5.80 20 谷子 1.60 8.50 20 高粱 1.55 7.30 20 大豆 1.60 181.00 80 薯类 0.50 11.00 20 油料 1.62 12.26 20 麻类 0.21 13.10 20 甜菜 0.50 5.07 90 烟叶 1.60 14.40 20 蔬菜 0.21 8.00 20 瓜果 0.50 11.00 20
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表 4 主要农作物碳吸收估算系数（据郝小雨等, 2021; 王莉等, 2022）
Table 4. Estimated coefficient of carbon absorption for major crops
农作物类型 碳吸收率/% 平均含水率 根冠比 经济系数 水稻 0.414 0.12 0.60 0.45 小麦 0.485 0.12 0.40 0.40 玉米 0.471 0.13 0.16 0.40 谷子 0.45 0.13 0.20 0.40 高粱 0.45 0.13 0.27 0.35 大豆 0.45 0.13 0.13 0.34 薯类 0.423 0.70 0.18 0.70 油料 0.45 0.09 0.04 0.25 麻类 0.45 0.13 0.40 0.10 甜菜 0.45 0.70 0.72 0.60 烟叶 0.45 0.17 0.32 0.55 蔬菜 0.45 0.90 0.25 0.65 瓜果 0.45 0.90 0.050 0.70
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表 5 中国农田生态系统土壤固碳速率参考
Table 5. Reference for soil carbon fixation rate in Chinese agricultural ecosystems
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表 6 黑河市农田生态系统的碳足迹与驱动因子的相关性
Table 6. Correlation between carbon footprint and driving factors of farmland ecosystem in Heihe City
驱动因子 皮尔逊相关性 P 土壤呼吸CO2量 0.939 0 农业生产资料投入CO2 0.880 0 农田N2O量 0.855 0 稻田CH4量 0.372 0.018 翻耕面积 0.884 0 化肥施用量 0.889 0 农业机械动力 0.826 0 农药使用量 0.836 0 有效灌溉面积 0.760 0 农膜使用量 0.263 0.101 机械柴油使用量 0.798 0 农作物总产量 0.766 0
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