Characteristics of strong reducing metallogenic porphyry and its constraints on the genesis of the rare metal-tin-polymetallic deposit in Weilasituo, Inner Mongolia
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摘要:
研究目的 自内蒙古维拉斯托稀有金属-锡多金属矿床被发现以来，其矿床成因一直是地质学者研究的热点。研究发现氧逸度在锡元素迁移和富集成矿过程中扮演着重要的作用，准确限定成矿岩体氧逸度特征能够对维拉斯托锡多金属矿床成因进行约束。
研究方法 为此，对维拉斯托锡多金属矿床中与成矿密切相关的石英斑岩岩体开展了LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb定年、全岩地球化学分析和锆石微量元素分析。
研究结果 锆石U−Pb定年结果显示，维拉斯托锡多金属矿床成矿岩体的结晶年龄分别集中在120.2±1.6 Ma和125.9±1.9 Ma，表明该地区存在多期次岩浆活动。石英斑岩主量和微量元素特征显示，成矿岩浆具有高Si的特征且具有明显的负Eu异常，显示成矿岩浆经历了斜长石等分异结晶作用。锆石微量元素分析结果表明，维拉斯托锡多金属矿床成矿岩体的Ce/Ce*平均值为400.87，Eu/Eu*平均值为0.062；${\mathrm{log}}f_{{\mathrm{O}}_2 }$多集中在−26~−20，ΔFMQ集中在−6~−1，指示了还原性较强的成矿环境。
结论 综上认为，氧逸度是控制维拉斯托矿床形成的关键因素，维拉斯托成矿岩浆具有较低的氧逸度，抑制了Sn在地壳深部过早饱和，使Sn能够在岩浆中聚集并最终形成大规模锡矿化。
Abstract:Objective Since the discovery of the Weilasituo rare metal−tin−polymetallic deposit in Inner Mongolia, the genesis of its ore deposits has been a central focus of geological inquiry. Oxygen fugacity ($f_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} $) has been identified as playing a pivotal role in the processes of tin element migration and enrichment. Accurate characterization of $f_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} $ in granites is essential for constraining the genesis of the Weilasituo tin polymetallic deposit.
Methods This study employs LA−ICP−MS zircon U−Pb dating, whole−rock geochemical analyses, and zircon trace element studies to investigate granites closely associated with mineralization at the Weilasituo deposit.
Results Zircon U−Pb dating reveals concentrated crystallization ages of the granites at approximately 120.2±1.6 Ma and 125.9±1.9 Ma, indicative of multiple magmatic episodes in this area. Zircon trace element analyses show that the Ce/Ce* average value for granites at Weilasituo is 400.87, with an average Eu/Eu* value of 0.062. The ${\mathrm{log}}f_{{\mathrm{O}}_2 } $ predominantly ranges from −26 to −20, and ΔFMQ values are concentrated between −6 and −1, suggesting a predominantly reducing ore−forming environment. The obtained age data closely align with previously proposed late−stage magmatic activity, indicating that these ore−forming magmas retained low $f_{{\mathrm{O}}_2} $ characteristics.
Conclusions In summary, it is concluded that oxygen fugacity is the key factor controlling the formation of Verastor deposit. The low oxygen fugacity of Verastor metallogenic magma inhibits the premature saturation of Sn in the deep crust, which enables Sn to accumulate in the magma and eventually form large−scale Sn mineralization.
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Key words:
- rare metal /
- tin /
- oxygen fugacity /
- zircon U−Pb dating /
- granite /
- Weilasituo /
- Inner Mongolia
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图 6 维拉斯托矿床成矿岩体A/CNK−A/NK图解（a, Maniar and Piccoli, 1989）和SiO2−K2O图解（b, Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976）（阴影区数据据武广等, 2021，下同）
Figure 6.
图 7 维拉斯托矿床成矿岩体球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(a，标准化值据Boynton, 1984)和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b，标准化值据Sun and McDonough, 1989)
Figure 7.
图 8 维拉斯托矿床成矿岩体锆石球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图（标准化值据Sun and McDonough, 1989）
Figure 8.
图 9 维拉斯托矿床成矿岩体锆石Eu/Eu*−Ce/Ce*图解（斑岩铜矿数据据Zhong et al., 2019）
Figure 9.
图 10 维拉斯托矿床成矿岩体锆石温度-
${\mathrm{log}}f_{{\mathrm{O}}_2 } $ 图解（a~c）和温度-ΔFMQ图解（d~f）（ΔFMQ=logfO2−logFMQ，其中FMQ指铁橄榄石-磁铁矿-石英缓冲剂）Figure 10.
图 11 维拉斯托矿床成矿岩体全岩SiO2−TFeO/MgO图解（据Wang et al., 2024修改；图中NNO指N-NO缓冲剂，<NNO-0.5的区域代表还原岩浆，>NNO-0.5的区域代表氧化岩浆，而NNO±0.5的区域代表过渡岩浆）
Figure 11.
表 1 维拉斯托花岗岩体锆石U-Th-Pb定年结果
Table 1. Zircon U-Th-Pb dating results from Weilasituo granites
样品号 含量/10−6 Th/U 年龄/Ma Pb Th U 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ WL1-1 42 248 217 1.1 522.3 98.1 325.8 11.5 306.2 7.0 WL1-2 41 212 227 0.9 764.8 112.0 346.4 14.2 293.9 6.2 WL1-5* 241 641 10962 0.1 211.2 41.7 132.6 2.9 127.7 2.0 WL1-6* 442 2214 18243 0.1 127.9 34.3 130.5 2.5 129.8 2.2 WL1-9* 321 1054 13619 0.1 257.5 42.6 132.6 2.6 125.0 1.9 WL1-10 20 90 155 0.6 390.8 114.8 318.7 13.4 312.9 6.7 WL1-12* 2412 33295 34873 1.0 172.3 4.6 126.5 2.2 122.9 1.7 WL1-13 664 2642 15928 0.2 1761.1 107.3 301.6 21.7 134.3 2.8 WL1-15 783 4896 27386 0.2 500.0 59.3 141.2 3.7 120.2 1.6 WL8-1* 581 6028 14462 0.4 168.6 39.8 130.1 2.4 126.9 2.0 WL8-2* 612 5946 16538 0.4 122.3 35.2 128.2 2.3 127.8 2.2 WL8-4* 240 872 11277 0.1 227.9 75.0 128.9 2.4 122.7 2.0 WL8-5 728 2392 20459 0.1 1038.9 102.8 197.9 10.3 130.4 2.4 WL8-6 1058 5184 30250 0.2 1261.1 148.9 227.5 17.5 133.1 2.1 WL8-7 734 883 13908 0.1 2120.1 117.4 385.8 28.2 145.9 2.9 WL8-9 289 641 10229 0.1 787.0 47.1 178.6 4.9 132.5 2.2 WL8-10 287 766 10271 0.1 1040.4 88.9 197.4 8.8 130.7 2.2 WL8-14 970 5624 34804 0.2 479.7 49.1 154.3 4.1 131.7 2.0 WL8-15 805 4536 25828 0.2 1200.0 78.9 183.7 7.2 135.2 2.0 WL14-1* 1555 12181 57374 0.2 127.9 36.1 124.3 2.0 122.8 1.7 WL14-2 1711 14337 61914 0.2 209.3 42.6 147.1 7.9 138.8 6.4 WL14-3 693 3204 30894 0.1 350.1 44.4 131.9 2.7 119.0 1.9 WL14-4* 1270 8801 50291 0.2 94.5 37.0 120.1 2.3 119.8 2.0 WL14-7 661 3193 28055 0.1 101.9 61.1 128.2 2.1 127.8 1.8 WL14-8* 357 2510 13726 0.2 153.8 36.1 121.3 2.2 118.1 1.8 WL14-9* 1494 11108 59814 0.2 109.4 37.0 119.0 2.2 117.8 1.9 WL14-10 1169 6632 46978 0.1 200.1 40.7 129.9 2.5 127.7 2.1 WL14-12 948 4895 37353 0.1 372.3 88.9 153.2 11.9 130.0 2.6 WL14-14* 1352 9627 49916 0.2 316.7 15.7 132.8 2.7 121.6 1.6 注：上标*的锆石年龄谐和度高于90%，用于构建年龄图解 
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表 2 维拉斯托矿床成矿岩体全岩主量、微量和稀土元素分析结果
Table 2. Whole-rock major, trace and rare earth elements analytical results of ore-forming intrusions of the Weilasituo deposit
元素 WLST1 WLST8 WLST14 元素 WLST1 WLST8 WLST14 石英斑岩 石英斑岩 石英斑岩 石英斑岩 石英斑岩 石英斑岩 SiO2 77.95 74.17 73.06 Lu 0.27 0.27 0.52 Al2O3 13.87 15.77 16.05 ∑REE 33.8 23.2 33.68 CaO 0.3 0.26 0.25 Eu/Eu* 0.19 0.18 0.10 Fe2O3 0.71 0.17 0.33 Ce/Ce* 8.82 4.32 4.46 FeO 0.72 0.4 0.56 Y 1.16 1.02 3.13 K2O 0.76 2.82 3.95 Rb 471 608 1073 MgO 0.07 0.06 0.04 Ba 7.66 26.9 2.96 MnO 0.06 0.01 0.02 Th 7.12 18.5 17.6 Na2O 5.65 7.21 6.5 U 16 16 15.6 Na2O＋K2O 6.41 10.03 10.45 Nb 14 23.8 97.2 Na2O/K2O 7.43 2.56 1.65 Ta 6.77 6.19 16 P2O5 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Sr 9.13 11 1.99 TiO2 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Zr 49.3 56.1 54.8 烧失量 0.83 0.41 0.43 Hf 16.8 18.9 15.6 A/CNK 1.30 1.04 1.02 Li 963 174 231 A/NK 1.37 1.07 1.06 Be 4.99 4.81 4.98 La 2.85 2.77 3.41 Sc 2.02 0.89 1.02 Ce 21 10.1 11.9 V 0.98 0.46 0.37 Pr 1.37 1.4 1.79 Co 0.06 0.19 <0.05 Nd 3.6 3.55 4.77 Ni 0.17 0.19 0.15 Sm 0.93 0.97 1.54 Cu 8.01 3.37 26.5 Eu <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Zn 103 27 39.6 Gd 0.43 0.47 0.92 Mo 2.11 11 0.62 Tb 0.12 0.12 0.31 Bi <0.05 0.07 0.15 Dy 0.71 0.83 2.28 Pb 18.8 33.7 42.8 Ho 0.14 0.16 0.47 Ga 44 52.5 53.9 Er 0.59 0.64 1.65 Cs 20.6 7.94 19.7 Tm 0.17 0.19 0.44 Cr 0.76 1.03 0.79 Yb 1.62 1.73 3.68 Sn 8.3 3.82 60.3 注：主量元素含量单位为%，微量和稀土元素含量单位为10−6
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