Crustal reworking and maturation in the Chinese Altai orogenic belt: Insights from magmatism, deformation and metamorphism
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摘要:
活动大陆边缘巨型杂岩系如何演化成为成熟大陆的一部分，仍是一个亟待深入探究的重要科学问题。位于中亚造山带腹地的中国阿尔泰地区记录了复杂的地壳改造历史，同时也具备了成熟大陆地壳结构,是研究增生杂岩改造和大陆地壳成熟化的天然实验室。为此，本文以中国阿尔泰造山作用主期（志留纪—泥盆纪）为重点，系统总结了其增生杂岩在变质-变形、深熔作用及花岗岩化方面的进展。研究表明：①奥陶系增生杂岩在志留纪—泥盆纪经历了挤压-伸展-挤压的变形改造，并发育广泛的深熔作用；②地球化学对比和热力学模拟揭示，区内志留纪—泥盆纪花岗岩可能来源于奥陶系增生杂岩的深熔作用；③区域变形过程促进了地壳分异和成熟大陆地壳结构的形成。综合区域研究资料，认为志留纪—泥盆纪强烈地壳改造作用与该区域俯冲体系中俯冲板片前进和后撤的反复转换过程密切相关，后者控制了造山带中的地壳深熔、流动及成熟化过程。活动大陆边缘强烈的地壳改造作用造成增生杂岩转变为成熟大陆地壳，可能是增生型大陆地壳成熟化的又一重要机制。
Abstract:Giant accretionary complexes form at active margins by scraping off oceanic sediments from the subducting plate. Whether or not those compositionally complicated accretionary complexes would be ultimately transformed into mature continent crust remains an unsolved question that calls for further investigation. The Chinese Altai section of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), the largest accretionary orogenic belt on the earth, preserves complicated tectono−thermal geological records and is characterized by formation of mature continental crust, making it a natural laboratory for studying the reworking of accretionary complexes and their evolution into mature continental crust. This paper focuses on the main orogenic period (Silurian−Devonian) of the Chinese Altai and systematically summarizes its recent research progresses in terms of metamorphism−deformation, anatexis, and granitization. ① The Ordovician accretionary complex underwent multiple−stage deformation involving compression−extension−compression during the Silurian−Devonian period, accompanied by intense metamorphism and widespread anatexis during the extensional deformation stage; ② The Ordovician accretionary complexes and most Silurian−Devonian granites in the region exhibited significant similarities in their geochemical characteristics. More importantly, the chemical compositions of Silurian−Devonian granites resemble those of the modelled partial melts of the accretionary complex under regional anatexis P−T conditions. ③ Regional deformation processes facilitated crustal differentiation and the formation of mature continental crust. Together with regional available data, this contribution proposes that the intense crustal reworking during the Silurian−Devonian of the Chinese Altai Orogenic Belt was related to changes in the dynamics of the related supra−subduction system. The cyclic switching between subduction advance and retreat in accretionary orogenic belts could lead to changes of regional stress field and provide anomalous heat source for crustal anatexis, thus control the processes of crustal anatexis and mass redistribution. In these regards, anatexis of accretionary complexes, plays a pivotal role on transformation of active continental margin sediments into compositionally differentiated mature continental crust. This may be a key mechanism contributing to the peripheral continental growth in accretionary orogenic belts in general.
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Key words:
- Chinese Altai /
- deformation-metamorphism /
- anatexis /
- crustal differentiation /
- mature continental crust
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图 1 中亚造山带大地构造位置图（a，据Windley et al., 2018修改）、蒙古拼贴体地质简图（b，据Jiang et al., 2017修改）和中国阿尔泰地质简图（c）
Figure 1.
图 2 中国阿尔泰造山带志留纪—泥盆纪变形-变质过程模式图（据Wang et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2022修改）
Figure 2.
图 3 中国阿尔泰志留纪—泥盆纪花岗岩地球化学特征（据Jiang et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2020修改）
Figure 3.
图 4 中国阿尔泰志留纪—泥盆纪花岗岩和哈巴河群变沉积岩（包括火山质组分和陆源碎屑组分）的 Nd 同位素特征（a）和两阶段Nd模式年龄图（b）（据Huang et al., 2020修改）
Figure 4.
图 5 哈巴河群深熔模拟熔体与区域志留纪—泥盆纪花岗岩类成分对比（地球化学图解据Conrad et al., 1988; Patiño et al., 1995; Montel et al., 1997修改，数据据Jiang et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2020）
Figure 5.
图 9 中国阿尔泰深熔地壳水平和垂向流动及花岗岩-混合岩穹隆形成的演化简图（据Wang et al., 2021修改）
Figure 9.
图 11 阿尔泰增生楔的构造-热演化与俯冲体系交替前进-后撤的构造示意图（据Kong et al., 2022修改）
Figure 11.
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