Hydrogeochemical genesis mechanism and secondary environmental challenges of groundwater in southern Jingyang, Shaanxi Province
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摘要:
研究目的 陕西泾阳南部是典型的黄土分布区、人口居住聚集区、农业活动密集区、地质灾害频发区，研究该区地下水的水文地球化学成因机制及次生环境挑战，对黄土高原地下水资源开发利用、用水安全保障和生态地质环境保护具有重要意义。
研究方法 基于区内地下水调查、水样采集与分析，查明地下水主要离子分布特征；综合运用水化学方法和同位素理论，揭示地下水水文地球化学成因机制及其主控因子；借助综合权重水质指数、镁危害系数、钠百分比、Wilcox图、灌溉系数，评估地下水的饮用和灌溉适宜性，进而阐释其次生环境挑战。
研究结果 研究区地下水整体呈弱碱性，泾河南岸地下水的TDS范围为752~2108 mg/L，属淡水和微咸水，北岸地下水的TDS范围为1232~3768 mg/L，属微咸水和咸水；地下水优势阳离子为Na+和Mg2+，优势阴离子为HCO3−与SO42−，水化学类型以HCO3·SO4−Na·Mg和HCO3·SO4·Cl−Na·Mg型为主，且北岸的水化学类型更复杂。水化学特征主要受岩石风化作用影响，其中以硅酸盐岩的风化溶解作用为主导；蒸发浓缩作用与阳离子交替吸附作用促进了地下水咸化；南岸地下水受农业活动影响显著，北岸地下水主要受工业活动、生活污水与人畜粪肥的综合影响。饮用水质等级以中等为主，引起健康风险的首要因子为总硬度、NO3−、F−和SO42−；大部分地下水不适宜直接灌溉，需采取措施，防止累盐，否则会诱发土壤盐渍化。
结论 陕西泾阳南部泾河两岸地下水的水化学特征分异，主要受控于硅酸盐岩风化作用，叠加蒸发浓缩作用与人类活动影响。地下水总硬度、硝酸盐、氟化物等健康风险因子超标，同时地下水咸化，易诱发土壤盐渍化。建议针对性开展地下水污染防治工作，以免面临更严峻的次生环境挑战。
Abstract:Objective The southern Jingyang, Shaanxi Province is a typical loess distribution area, population gathering area, agricultural activity intensive area, and geological disaster prone area. Thus, studying the hydrogeochemical genesis mechanism and secondary environmental challenges of groundwater in this area is of great significance for the development and utilization of groundwater resources, water safety guarantee, and ecological geological environment protection on the Chinese Loess Plateau.
Methods Based on groundwater investigation, water sample collection and analysis in the area, the main ion distribution characteristics of groundwater were identified; the hydrogeochemical genesis mechanism and its main controlling factors of groundwater were revealed by the comprehensive application of hydrochemical methods and isotope theory; the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation was evaluated, and its secondary environmental challenges were explained, using the integrated−weight water quality index, magnesium hazard, soluble sodium percentage, Wilcox plot, and irrigation coefficient.
Results The groundwater in this area was weakly alkaline as a whole. The TDS range of groundwater in the south bank of Jing River was 752~2108 mg/L, belonging to freshwater and brackish water, while the TDS ranged from 1232 to 3768 mg/L and was classified as brackish to saline water in the north bank. The dominant cations in groundwater were Na+ and Mg2+, and the dominant anions were HCO3− and SO42−; The hydrochemical types were mainly HCO3·SO4−Na·Mg and HCO3·SO4·Cl−Na·Mg, and the hydrochemical types in the north bank were more complex. The hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater were mainly controlled by rock weathering, among which the weathering and dissolution of silicate rocks were dominant. Meanwhile, the evaporation and cation alternating adsorption promoted the salinization of groundwater. The groundwater in the south bank was significantly affected by agricultural activities, while the groundwater in the north bank was influenced by a combination of industrial activities, domestic sewage, and human and animal manure. The drinking water quality level was mainly moderate, and the primary factors causing health risks were total hardness, NO3−, F−, and SO42−. Most groundwater was not suitable for direct irrigation and measures should be taken to prevent salt accumulation, otherwise soil salinization may occur.
Conclusions The hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater along the banks of Jing River in the south of Jingyang, Shaanxi Province, are mainly controlled by the weathering of silicate rocks, superimposed evaporation and concentration and the influence of human activities. There are health risk factors of groundwater such as total hardness, nitrate, fluoride exceeding the standard, and the salinization of groundwater is easy to induce soil salinization. It is suggested to carry out targeted prevention and control of groundwater pollution to avoid facing more severe secondary environmental challenges.
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Key words:
- groundwater /
- hydrochemistry /
- isotope /
- hydrochemical processes /
- water quality assessment /
- southern Jingyang /
- Shaanxi Province
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表 1 陕西泾阳南部地下水水化学参数统计特征
Table 1. Statistical characteristics of hydrochemical parameters of groundwater in southern Jingyang, Shaanxi Province
类型 统计值 pH值 TDS TH K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl− SO42− HCO3− CO32− NO3− NO2− F− SiO2 泾河南岸 Max 8.53 2108 801 12.05 444 80.2 148 340 509 873 18 221 0.123 2.88 16.9 Min 7.85 752 90.1 1.32 226 10 15.8 42 52.8 311 6 21.86 0.003 0.83 11.3 Mean 8.21 1213 381.6 3.84 308 37.3 70.1 158 252.7 632 13 92.52 0.024 1.47 13.9 Std 0.25 484.59 293.95 3.93 70.87 27.47 54.88 97.90 166.97 183.94 5.02 62.95 0.05 0.69 1.73 CV 0.03 0.40 0.77 1.02 0.23 0.74 0.78 0.62 0.66 0.29 0.38 0.68 2.07 0.48 0.12 泾河北岸 Max 8.19 3768 1727 15.45 532 281.0 249.0 850 889 879 / 453 0.086 1.10 17.3 Min 7.42 1232 480 3.16 240 48.1 77.8 155 240 567 / 20.92 0.004 0.44 11.8 Mean 7.79 1969 960 6.68 336 117.7 161.7 343 548 704 / 102.49 0.025 0.71 14.5 Std 0.25 629.58 307.32 3.23 80.02 57.77 47.97 159.15 187.19 89.26 / 106.28 0.03 0.20 1.68 CV 0.03 0.32 0.32 0.48 0.24 0.49 0.30 0.46 0.34 0.13 / 1.04 1.08 0.28 0.12 注：Max表示最大值，Min表示最小值，Mean表示均值，Std表示标准差；CV表示变异系数，无量纲；pH为无量纲，其余成分单位均为mg/L；/表示未检出 
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