Proto-Tethys and Paleo-Tethys collisional magmas and porphyry mineralization: A case study of the Qimantagh area, East Kunlun Mountains
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摘要:
研究目的 特提斯分为原特提斯、古特提斯和新特提斯，分别大致对应于早古生代、晚古生代和中生代期间的大洋。研究表明，新特提斯洋闭合后形成的（后）碰撞花岗岩类普遍具有高氧逸度和富水的特征，使这些地区形成了许多大型—超大型斑岩铜矿。然而，关于原特提斯和古特提斯斑岩铜矿的成矿潜力，特别是这2个古大洋闭合后的（后）碰撞阶段是否具备类似潜力，尚未进行系统研究。东昆仑祁漫塔格地区记录了原、古特提斯从俯冲到闭合阶段的构造演化和成矿历史，成为研究原特提斯和古特提斯斑岩成矿作用的天然实验室和绝佳场所。
研究方法 本文综述了东昆仑祁漫塔格地区以往报道的花岗岩类年龄和地球化学资料，着重讨论了与斑岩-矽卡岩矿床有关的花岗岩类特征，揭示原特提斯和古特提斯斑岩成矿规律，服务新一轮找矿突破战略行动。
研究结果 东昆仑祁漫塔格地区花岗岩类主要集中出现于2个时期，即435~370 Ma和245~196 Ma，分别形成于原特提斯洋和古特提斯洋闭合后的碰撞阶段，而与大洋俯冲有关的花岗岩类出露很少。2期碰撞花岗岩类具有类似的地球化学特征，主要落入高钾钙碱性和钾玄岩系列范围内，属于偏铝质—弱过铝质岩石，亏损Na和Ta，岩浆源区表现出壳幔混合特征。
结论 综合前人研究成果，提出原、古特提斯洋经历了类似的演化过程：①俯冲阶段，原、古特提斯洋壳均以平板俯冲的形式向陆块俯冲，抑制了弧岩浆作用，导致东昆仑祁漫塔格地区弧花岗岩类不发育；②碰撞阶段，俯冲板片裂离导致软流圈上涌，形成了大规模的壳幔混合成因的碰撞花岗岩类。与新特提斯碰撞花岗岩类相比，原特提斯和古特提斯碰撞花岗岩类普遍具有较低的氧逸度和水含量。这些特征可以解释为何青藏高原北部没有发现大型—超大型斑岩铜矿床。尽管如此，青藏高原北部矽卡岩铜多金属矿床找矿潜力巨大，应该作为未来找矿的主攻类型和方向。
Abstract:Objective Tethys can be divided into Proto−Tethys, Paleo−Tethys and Neo−Tethys according to its evolutionary history, roughly corresponding to the Early Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic oceans, respectively. In recent years, a large number of studies in the southern Tibetan Plateau, Iran, Pakistan and other areas have shown that the (post−) collisional granite formed after the closure of the New Tethys Ocean is generally characterized by high oxygen fugacity and high water contents, which has led to the formation of many large to super−large porphyry copper deposits in these areas. How about the metallogenic potential of Proto−Tethys and Paleo−Tethys porphyry deposits? Does the (post−) collisional stage after the closure of the two paleo−oceans also have the metallogenic potential of large to super−large porphyry copper deposits? These problems have not been systematically studied before. The Qimantagh area in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt records the tectonic evolution and metallogenic history of Proto− and Paleo−Tethys from subduction to closed stages. Thus, this area is a natural laboratory and excellent place to study the porphyry mineralization of Proto−Tethys and Paleo−Tethys.
Methods In this paper, the age and geochemical data of granites previously reported in Qimantagh area of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt are reviewed, and the granite characteristics related to porphyrie−skarn deposits are particularly studied. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the metallogenic regularity of Proto−Tethys and Paleo−Tethys porphyry and serve a new round of prospecting breakthrough strategy.
Results The granites in the Qimantagh area of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt mainly occurred in two periods, i.e., 435~370 Ma and 245~196 Ma. These granites formed in the collisional stage after the closing of the Proto−Tethys and the Paleo−Tethys Oceans, respectively. In contrast, the granites related to oceanic subduction were rarely found. The two stage collisional granites have similar geochemical characteristics, mainly fall into the range of high−K calc−alkaline and shoshonitic series, belong to metaluminous to weakly peraluminous rocks with depleted Nb and Ta, and display characterisitics of crustal−mantle mixing in the sources of parental magmas.
Conclusions Based on the results of previous studies, this paper proposes that the Proto−Tethys and Paleo−Tethys experienced similar evolutionary processes. ① During the subduction stage, the Proto−Tethys and Paleo−Tethys subducted to the continent in the form of flat subduction, which inhibited arc magmatism and resulted in the scarcity of arc granites in Qimantagh area, East Kunlun. ② During the collisional stage, the subduction plate was detached which led to the upwelling of the asthenosphere mantle, forming a large number of collisional granites of crustal−mantle mixing origin. However, compared with the Neo−Tethys collisional granites, the Proto−Tethys and Paleo−Tethys collisional granites generally have lower oxygen fugacity and water content. These characteristics may explain why no large and super−large porphyry copper deposits have been found in the northern part of the Tibetan Plateau. In spite of this, the skarn copper polymetallic deposits in the north of the Qinghai−Tibet Plateau have great prospecting potential and should be the main type and direction of prospecting in the future.
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Key words:
- Proto-Tethys /
- Paleo-Tethys /
- porphyry system /
- Qinghai /
- Qimantagh
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图 1 特提斯构造域古特提斯和新特提斯缝合带位置(a，据吴福元等, 2020; 朱日祥等, 2022修改)和东亚原特提斯缝合带位置(b，据Li et al., 2018b修改)
Figure 1.
图 2 东昆仑祁漫塔格成矿带地质图 (据Zhong et al., 2021b修改)
Figure 2.
图 4 东昆仑祁漫塔格成矿带构造演化模式图(据Zhong et al., 2021b修改)
Figure 4.
图 7 东昆仑祁漫塔格地区2期碰撞花岗岩类全岩Sr−Nd同位素图解（据Zhong et al., 2021b修改）
Figure 7.
图 8 祁漫塔格地区斑岩-矽卡岩矿床成矿岩体与冈底斯斑岩铜矿带碰撞斑岩铜矿成矿岩体锆石成分对比（冈底斯锆石数据据Wang et al., 2018; 祁漫塔格锆石数据据Zhong et al., 2021；Eu/Eu*和Ce/Ce*计算据Zhong et al., 2019；
$f_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2}} $ 计算据Loucks et al., 2020；FMQ曲线据O'Neill, 1987）Figure 8.
表 1 东昆仑祁漫塔格地区主要斑岩-矽卡岩矿床成岩成矿年龄
Table 1. Intrusive and mineralization ages for major porphyry-skarn deposits from the Qimantagh area, East Kunlun Mountains
矿床或矿点 矿床类型 采样位置 矿带 样品描述 定年矿物 定年方法 年龄/Ma 参考文献 柯可卡尔德 矽卡岩钨
锡矿床37°57'36.0"N; 88°56'21.9"E 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 429.5±3.2 高永宝, 2013 37°57'30"N; 88°56'23"E 正长花岗岩 白云母 Ar−Ar 411.7±2.6 Zhou et al., 2016 37°57'36"N; 88°56'24"E 黑钨矿-白云母-石英脉 白云母 Ar−Ar 412.8±2.4 37°57'28"N; 88°56'26"E 黑钨矿-白云母-石英脉 白云母 Ar−Ar 413.8±2.6 37°57'31.7"N; 88°56'26.7"E 锡石-石英脉 锡石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 426±13 Deng et al., 2018 37°57'31.7"N; 88°56'26.7"E 锡石-石英脉 锡石 ID−TIMS 416±1 矿石 锡石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 427±13 高永宝, 2013 白干湖 矽卡岩钨
锡矿床二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 431.3 ± 4.0 Zheng et al., 2018 37°56'18"N; 88°54'21"E 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 428.2±4.2 王冠等, 2014 37°55'24"N; 88°52'44"E 正长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 422.5±2.3 37°56'13"N; 88°54'44"E 正长花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 413.6±2.4 Zhou et al., 2016 巴什尔西 矽卡岩钨
锡矿床二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 433.2 ± 3.4 Zheng et al., 2018 ZK1202 黑钨矿-锡石-白云母脉 白云母 Ar−Ar 422.7±4.5 郑震等, 2016 黑钨矿-锡石-白云母脉 白云母 Ar−Ar 421.8±2.7 戛勒赛 矽卡岩钨锡矿床 37°47'51.3"N; 88°42'25.4"E 更长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 429.5±3.3 高永宝等, 2012 野马泉 矽卡岩铁矿 36°59'27.9"N; 91°56'51.6"E M3 二长闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 226.5±3.6 刘建楠, 2018 ZK6461 M13 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 400.5±1.4 Chen et al., 2018 M1 闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 228±3 Yin et al., 2017 M1 斑状花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 225±2 M1 斑状花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 221±2 M1 矿石 金云母 Ar−Ar 225±1.5 ZK11304 M3 二长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 223.5±1.7 Yao , 2015 36°58'37"N; 91°58'06"E M1 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 223.3±0.5 Zhang et al., 2017a 37°00'09"N; 91°59'13"E M5 石英二长闪长岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 220.11±0.49 ZK10029, 602m M13 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 402.4±1.3 36°58'29.5"N; 91°58'19.6"E M1 斑状二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 229.5±2.2 刘建楠, 2018 36°58'28.2"N; 92°01'33.8"E M13 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 402.8±5.4 X: 16413522; Y: 4095325 M13 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 392.4±2.2 Song et al., 2014 ZK507 M5 矿石 金云母 Ar−Ar 222.0±1.3 刘建楠, 2018 ZK6801 M13 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 393±2 高永宝等, 2014 ZK6057 M13 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 386±1 36°59'20"N; 91°58'09"E M1 斑状石英二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 219±1 36°58'30"N; 91°58'20"E M1 正长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 213±1 M13 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 400.8±1.4 乔保星等, 2016 M13 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 220.53±0.69 ZK50101 M1 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 226.0 ± 1.9 Zhong et al., 2021a ZK50101 M1 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 226.2 ± 2.6 36°58'29.04"N; 91°58'20.33"E M1 正长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 231.5 ± 1.6 ZK4863 M13 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 405.0 ± 3.4 ZK6453 M13 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 397.5 ± 3.1 ZK6805 M13 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 390.5 ± 2.8 ZK6449 M13 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 406.3 ± 3.4 ZK9605 M13 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 396.2 ± 3.1 ZK6061 M13 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 397.4 ± 3.4 它温查汗 矽卡岩铁矿 花岗闪长斑岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 233.5±0.9 Yao et al., 2017 36°57'09.81"N;
92°44'58.66"E花岗闪长斑岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 236.0±2.3 杨涛等, 2017 36°57'09.81"N;
92°44'58.66"E二长花岗斑岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 229.9±2.0 ZK25401 矿石 白云母 Ar−Ar 230.7±2.0 田承盛等, 2013 花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 227.7±0.6 丰成友等, 2012 于沟子 矽卡岩铁矿 37°43'6.1"N;
89°40'57.1"E矿石 辉钼矿 Re−Os 210.1± 4.8 丰成友等, 2010 37°43'06.21" N;
89°41'00.91" E正长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 210.0±0.6 高永宝, 2013 小圆山 矽卡岩铁矿 ZK6703 英云闪长岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 217.7±1.1 孔会磊等, 2016 斜长花岗斑岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 216.9±1.9 孔会磊等, 2015 那陵郭勒河西 矽卡岩铁矿 36°52'50.7"N; 92°49'54.48"E 闪长岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 240.5±1.7 张雷, 2013 36°50'50.4"N; 92°50'43.68"E 花岗斑岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 227±1 36°50'50.4"N; 92°50'43.68"E 花岗斑岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 229.51±0.87 那陵郭勒河东 矽卡岩铁矿 正长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 225.2±1.2 薛宁等, 2009 36°48.309'N; 92°51.585'E 闪长二长花岗岩岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 420.6±2.6 郝娜娜, 2014 尕林格 矽卡岩铁矿 37°07'34"N; 92°09'35"E Ⅰ 石英二长闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 228.3±0.5 高永宝等, 2012 37°06'31"N; 92°11'04"E Ⅲ 石英二长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 234.4±0.6 ZK0307 Ⅱ 矿石 金云母 Ar−Ar 235.8±1.7 于淼等，2015 ZK0404 Ⅱ 辉石闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 228.2±2 白宜娜等, 2016 Ⅱ 闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 223.4±2.7 于淼, 2017 Ⅱ 闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 219.56±0.89 Ⅳ 闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 218.2±1.1 Ⅰ 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 229.51±0.56 Ⅱ 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 229.38±0.79 Ⅳ 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 226.2±1.5 Ⅳ 闪长玢岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 217.6±1.0 Ⅴ 闪长玢岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 226.4±3.7 肯德可克 矽卡岩铁钴矿 矿石 石榴子石 LA−ICP−MS 234 ± 4 Su et al., 2024 矿石 榍石 LA−ICP−MS 231.8 ± 7.5 矿石 金云母 Ar−Ar 214 Wu et al., 2011 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 229.5±0.5 肖晔等, 2013 37°00'45.7"N; 91°49'24.9"E 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 230.5±4.2 奚仁刚等, 2010 辉长岩 斜长石 Ar−Ar 207.8±1.9 赵财胜等, 2006 36°55.33'N; 91°40.17'E 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 218±2 吴祥珂等, 2011 群力 矽卡岩铁矿 透辉石矽卡岩 白云母 Ar−Ar 407±2.8 何书跃等, 2018 牛苦头 矽卡岩铅锌矿 黑云母花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 393.7±4.9 李加多等, 2019 ZK1609 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 394.0±1.3 姚磊等, 2016 M1 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 362.2±2.7a 王新雨等, 2023 M1 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 361.8±3.4a M1 矿石 黄铁矿 Re−Os 359.2±6.3a M1 斑状花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 222.7±2.2 王新雨等, 2024 M1 矿石 石榴子石 LA−ICP−MS 219±12 四角羊 黑云母二长花岗岩 锆石 K-Ar 196 李洪普等, 2011 景忍-迎庆沟 矽卡岩铅锌矿 正长花岗岩 锆石 SHRIMP 204.1±2.6 刘云华等, 2006 37°1'36.36"N; 91°31'25.26"E 正长花岗斑岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 221.1±1.3 张爱奎, 2013 37°4'21.12"N; 91°45'1.68"E 花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 232.74±0.92 37°4'21.12"N; 91°45'1.68"E 花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 232.9±1.5 37°37'08"N; 91°30'49"E 二长花岗斑岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 211.6±1.4 韩海臣等, 2018 虎头崖 矽卡岩铜铅锌矿 矿石 磷灰石 LA−ICP−MS 443.0±5.9 张斌武, 2022 二长花岗岩 磷灰石 LA−ICP−MS 228.1±1.5 钾长花岗岩 磷灰石 LA−ICP−MS 228.9±2.8 矿石 磷灰石 LA−ICP−MS 228.7±2.8 37°03'50.5"N; 91°40'37.5"E Ⅵ 斑状二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 232.3±1.4 Zhong et al., 2021b 37°04'10.5"N; 91°39'37.6"E Ⅲ 斑状二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 230.3±1.5 37°04'01.9"N; 91°37'12.5"E Ⅱ 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 221.6±0.7 X: 16383205; Y: 415100 Ⅵ 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 217.5±1.1 张爱奎等, 2013 37°03'44"N; 91°39'51"E Ⅰ & Ⅲ 花岗闪长岩 锆石 SHRIMP 235.4±1.8 丰成友等, 2011 37°04'09"N; 91°37'23"E Ⅱ 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 219.2±1.4 37°05'20"N; 91°36'05"E Ⅴ 矿石 辉钼矿 Re−Os 225.0±4.0 37°03'19"N; 91°38'01"E Ⅶ 矿石 辉钼矿 Re−Os 230.1±4.7 Ⅲ 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 230.3±3.7 瞿泓滢等, 2015 37°05'16"N; 91°36'00"E Ⅴ 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 224.3±0.6 李侃等, 2015 ZK1501 Ⅷ 正长花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 239.7±0.8 ZK1901 Ⅵ 花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 233.6±1.8 姚磊, 2015 ZK001 Ⅵ 花岗斑岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 232.7±1.8 张晓飞等, 2016 37°4'21.3"N; 91°41'28.7"E Ⅵ 斑状黑云母二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 234.2±1.5 时超等, 2017 ? 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 221.0±3.4 汪洋, 2017 Ⅰ 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 235.0±1.5 姚磊, 2015 Ⅱ 花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 231.7±2.7 Ⅵ 二长花岗斑岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 222.8±2.6 楚鲁套海 矽卡岩铜铅锌矿 花岗闪长岩 锆石 SIMS 226.4±1. 7 丰成友等, 2012 维宝 矽卡岩铜铅锌矿 矿石 白云母 Ar−Ar 226.61±2.34 Fang et al., 2018 37°09.984'N; 91°04.462'E 石英闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 223.3±1.5 钟世华，2018 37°06.114'N; 91°11.254'E 辉石闪长岩 锆石 SIMS 224.6±2.9 卡而却卡 矽卡岩铜铅锌矿 ? 花岗闪长岩 锆石 SHRIMP 237±2 王松等, 2009 X:16323846; Y:4071935 B 斑状黑云母二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 410.1±2.6 陈博等, 2012 B 矿石 辉钼矿 Re−Os 238.8±1.3 丰成友等, 2009 36°48'06.6"N; 90°58'33.3"E C 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 234.4±0.6 高永宝, 2013 36°46'34"N; 90°04'54"E B 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 244.0±1.4 姚磊, 2015 36°48'59.4"N; 90°58'35.3"E B 斑状二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 242.1±1.2 Zhong et al., 2021b ZK, M1-11 28.5m ? 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 211.8±1.1 36°45'39"N; 91°01'51"E B 斑状黑云母二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 406.4±4.2 姚磊等, 2016 36°45'39.6"N; 91°01'54.1"E B 矿石 辉钼矿 Re−Os 245.5±1.6 高永宝等, 2018 36°45'42.1"N; 91°01'44.1"E B 矿石 金云母 Ar−Ar 233.9±1.4 C 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 245.1±1.5 Yao et al., 2017 斑岩铜矿 91°01'06"N; 36°45'48"E A 斑状黑云母二长花岗岩 锆石 SHRIMP 227.3±1.8 丰成友, 2012 A 斑状二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 220.42±0.79 李积清等, 2016 36°48'41"N; 90°58'26"E A 斑状二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 226.5±0.5 张勇等, 2017 骆驼峰 斑岩铜矿 正长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 218±2 顾焱等, 2019 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 233±2 鸭子沟 斑岩铜矿 花岗斑岩 锆石 SHRIMP 224.0±1.6 李世金等, 2008 矿石 辉钼矿 Re−Os 224.7±3.4 丰成友等, 2009 莫河下拉 斑岩铜矿 11MZK08 花岗斑岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 222±1 许庆林, 2014 乌兰乌珠尔 斑岩铜矿 37°23'41"N; 91°25'53"E 斑状钾长花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 388.9±3.7 郭通珍等, 2011 ZK701 花岗斑岩 锆石 SHRIMP 215.1±4.5 佘宏全等, 2007 二长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 413±5 谈生祥等, 2011 长山 斑岩钼矿 ZK3101 正长花岗岩 锆石 SHRIMP 219.9±1.3 丰成友等, 2012 拉陵灶火中游 斑岩钼矿 36°31.715´N; 93°14.957´E 斑状钾长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 216.1±3.0 吴宗昌, 2017 36°31.715´N; 93°14.957´E 斑状花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 216.1±2.4 36°30'59"N; 93°17'35"E 矿石 辉钼矿 Re−Os 214.5±4.9 王富春等, 2013 36°30'51"N; 93°17'35"E 矿石 辉钼矿 Re−Os 240.8±4.0 花岗岩 锆石 LA−MC−ICP−MS 228.49±0.84 严玉峰, 2012 36°31'09"N; 93°18'15"E 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 242.6±3.4 Chen et al., 2015 小灶火 斑岩钼矿 正长花岗岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 226±1 陈静等, 2018 拉陵沟脑 斑岩钼矿 36°24'12"N; 93°18'05"E 花岗闪长岩 锆石 LA−ICP−MS 238.6±2.9 Chen et al., 2015 注：上标a代表报道的年龄可能存在问题，见3.2节讨论 
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