Metallogenic system and metallogenic model of Triassic porphyry deposits in the East Kunlun orogenic belt
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摘要:
研究目的 古特提斯构造演化在东昆仑造山带引发了重要的斑岩岩浆-成矿作用，形成了复杂多样的矿化类型和丰富的矿产资源，目前，尚未对斑岩成岩成矿时代、成矿特征开展系统的梳理和总结。为提高对东昆仑地区斑岩型矿床成矿系统及成矿模式的认识，
研究方法 在收集前人资料的基础上，进行了致矿斑岩、斑岩型矿床时空分布、成矿类型及成矿规律总结，以及古特提斯构造演化与斑岩成矿过程关系研究。
研究结果 东昆仑地区致矿斑岩及斑岩型矿床处于昆北岩浆弧和昆中岩浆弧，形成时代集中在236~218 Ma之间，主要形成了斑岩型铜矿、斑岩型钼矿、斑岩型铜钼矿、斑岩型铜金矿、斑岩型铜锡矿5种类型，已发现的矿体主要产于斑岩体顶部或边部不同方向的次级构造破碎带内，断裂构造是最主要的控矿因素。与斑岩成矿系统有关的矿化类型包括斑岩型、矽卡岩型、隐爆角砾岩型和浅成低温热液脉型，其中，浅成低温热液脉型银铅锌矿规模常达到大型—超大型。
结论 研究认为，同碰撞造山早期俯冲板片断离引起软流圈地幔上涌，诱发富集地幔的局部熔融和后碰撞伸展阶段岩石圈拆沉引起软流圈上涌，底侵的幔源岩浆将大量成矿物质带入地壳，使被流体交代发生富集作用的新生下地壳重熔，是诱发斑岩矿床成矿最主要的动力学背景。据此建立了与中—酸性斑岩岩浆侵入活动有关的斑岩型-矽卡岩型-隐爆角砾岩型-浅成低温热液脉型矿床深部成矿动力学模型和浅部成矿模式。
Abstract:Objective The PaleoTethys tectonic evolution triggered important porphyry magma−mineralization in the East Kunlun orogenic belt, resulting in strong magmatic activity, complex and diverse mineralization types and endowment mineral resources. At present, a systematic review and summary of the diagenetic and mineralization ages and mineralization characteristics of porphyry have not yet been carried out.In order to enhance our understanding of the mineralization system and mineralization model of porphyry−type deposits in the Eastern Kunlun area.
Methods On the basis of collecting previous data, this paper summarizes the spatial and temporal distribution, metallogenic types and metallogenic rules of ore−producing porphyry and porphyry type deposits, and studies the evolution of paleo−Tethys structure and porphyry mineralization process.
Results The ore−producing porphyry and porphyry deposits in East Kunlun area are located in the northern and central Quinqueinian magmatic arcs, and their ages are concentrated between 218 Ma and 236 Ma. Mainly formed porphyry Cu, porphyry Mo, porphyry Cu−Mo, porphyry Cu−Au, porphyry Cu−Sn deposit five types, the discovered ore bodies are mainly located in the top or side of the porphyry tectonic belt, the structure is the most important ore−controlling factor, the size of the porphyry−related low−temperature vein type Ag−Pb−Zn mineralization often reaches large−super large.
Conclusions It is considered that the most important dynamic background for the mineralization of porphyry deposits is the partial melting of mantle enrichment induced by asthenosphere mantle upgassing caused by subduction plate fragmentation in early cocollision orogeny and the partial melting of new crust and thickened lower crust induced by asthenosphere upgassing in post−collision extension stage. The metallogenic model of porphyry type, skarn type, cryptoexplosive breccia type and epithermal vein typedeposit was established.
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Key words:
- porphyry deposit /
- metallogenic regularity /
- metallogenic system /
- metallogenic model /
- Triassic period /
- East Kunlun
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图 3 哈日扎斑岩型铜矿（据马忠元等，2023a修改）
Figure 3.
图 4 清水河东沟斑岩型钼矿（据马忠元等，2024d）
Figure 4.
图 6 乌兰乌珠尔-十字嵩斑岩型铜锡矿（据马忠元等，2024a修改）
Figure 6.
图 7 托克妥斑岩型铜-金矿（据郑建华和东寿山，2014修改）
Figure 7.
表 1 东昆仑斑岩型矿床特征
Table 1. Characteristics of porphyry deposits in East Kunlun
编号 位置 矿床规模 矿化类型 赋矿围岩 围岩蚀变 致矿斑岩/
含矿脉成矿年龄 参考文献 1 哈日扎 大型 斑岩Cu
热液脉型Ag、Pb、Zn、Au
矽卡岩型Fe、Cu凝灰岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、似斑状
二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩深部有面型蚀变特征，上部绿帘石化、绿泥
石化，下部高岭石化、绢云母化，底部硅化、
绢云母化花岗斑岩 222.5±
1.0 Ma马忠元等, 2024a 2 那更康切尔沟 超大型 斑岩Cu
热液脉型Ag、Pb片麻岩、片岩、斜长花岗岩、花岗
闪长岩、似斑状二长花岗岩、
构造角砾岩无面型蚀变特征，具黄铁矿化、硅化、碳酸
盐化、绢云母化、高岭土化、绿泥石化、绿
帘石化、褐铁矿化、软锰矿化石英脉 217.6 Ma Fan et al., 2021 花岗斑岩 219.8±
1.1 Ma马忠元等, 2024a 3 哈陇休玛 中型 斑岩Mo
热液脉型Cu黑云斜长片麻岩、斜长花岗岩、
碎裂状花岗斑岩深部有面型蚀变特征，由斑岩体向外依次为
钾化带、硅化带、绢英岩化带和青磐岩化带花岗闪长斑岩 224.68±
0.88 Ma鲁海峰等, 2017 石英脉 223.5±
1.3 Ma4 肉早某日-各
玛龙中型 斑岩Cu
隐爆角砾岩型Cu
热液脉型Ag、Pb、Zn、Au二长花岗岩、似斑状花岗闪长岩、英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩 深部有面型蚀变特征，由外部向中心依次具
高岭土化带、青磐岩化带、泥化带、黄铁绢
英岩化带、钾化带的蚀变分带特征花岗斑岩 225.5±
1.7 Ma雷延利等，2024 5 加当根 小型 斑岩Cu−Mo 流纹岩、英安岩、凝灰岩、
花岗闪长岩有面型蚀变特征，内带为钾化，中带为硅化
和绢云母化，外带为青磐岩化花岗闪长斑岩 225±
1.5 Ma2015 227.2±
1.9 Ma6 热水 小型 斑岩Mo 二长花岗斑岩、似斑状黑云母
二长花岗岩无面型蚀变特征，具钾长石化、硅化、绢云
母化及黄铁矿化石英脉 228.6±
7.9 Ma国显正等, 2016 二长花岗斑岩 230.9±
1.4 Ma7 多龙恰柔 小型 斑岩Mo 二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩 无面型蚀变特征，矿体或矿化带中主要为钾
化-硅化蚀变，矿化带外部主要为绢英岩化-
绿泥石化石英脉 235.9±
1.4 Ma国显正, 2021 二长花岗斑岩 236.8±
1.8 Ma国显正, 2021 8 清水河东沟 小型 斑岩Mo 英云闪长岩、英云闪长斑岩、辉绿纷岩 无面型蚀变特征，具硅化、绿泥石化、绢云
母化、高岭土化二长花岗斑岩 226.9±
1.3 Ma本课题组
测试数据9 益克郭勒 小型 斑岩Cu−Mo 闪长岩、英云闪长岩 深部有面型蚀变特征，由外部向中心依次具
青磐岩化带、硅化+钾化带、黄铁矿化带、
钾化带的蚀变分带特征二长花岗斑岩 222.9±
1.3 Ma郑振华等, 2022 10 托克妥 小型 斑岩Cu−Au 隐爆角砾岩、花岗闪长岩 有面型蚀变特征，从矿体中心向外，依次为硅化带、钾化带、青磐岩化带和次生氧化富集带 二长花岗斑岩 232.49±
0.93 Ma夏锐等, 2014 花岗闪长斑岩 232.6±1.2 Ma 11 下得波利 小型 斑岩Cu−Mo 中细粒花岗岩、流纹岩 有面型蚀变特征，主要有硅化、钾长石化、绢云母化、高岭土化、石膏化等 花岗斑岩 244.2±
2.1 Ma刘建楠等, 2012 12 埃坑德勒斯特 小型 斑岩Cu−Mo 花岗斑岩 242±
1.2 Ma张雪亭, 2017 13 扎玛休玛 小型 斑岩Cu
热液脉型Cu、Pb、Zn凝灰岩、安山岩、二长花岗
岩、正长花岗岩无面型蚀变特征，具硅化、绿帘石化、云英岩化、高岭土化等 花岗闪长斑岩 229.5±
1.3 Ma林艳海等, 2021 14 长山 小型 斑岩Mo
矽卡岩型Fe、Pb、Zn似斑状二长花岗岩、碎屑岩、
凝灰岩无面型蚀变特征，具硅化、钾化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、碳酸盐化、蛇纹石化 二长花岗斑岩 228±
1 Ma丰成友等, 2010 15 拉陵高里河沟脑 小型 斑岩Mo
矽卡岩型Fe、Cu正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩 无面型蚀变特征，具钾化、孔雀石化、青磐岩化 花岗闪长斑岩 231.1±
1.2 Ma刘建栋等, 2023 16 莫河下拉 小型 斑岩Cu
热液脉型Ag、Pb、Zn、Au花岗斑岩 无面型蚀变特征，硅化、绢英岩化、绢云母化和碳酸盐化 花岗斑岩 222±
1 Ma许庆林, 2014 17 家琪式 小型 斑岩Mo−Cu
热液脉型Ag、Pb、Zn花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩 无面型蚀变特征，钾化、孔雀石化 花岗斑岩 18 克停哈尔 小型 斑岩Cu
隐爆角砾岩型Pb、Zn粒花岗闪长岩、闪长岩、蚀
变闪长玢岩、二长花岗岩地表有面型蚀变特征，硅化、褐铁矿化、高岭土化、绿泥石化 花岗闪长斑岩 218±
2 Ma顾焱, 2019 19 鸭子沟 小型 斑岩Cu-Mo 花岗闪长岩、大理岩 无面型蚀变特征，具透辉石、绿泥绿帘石矽卡岩化、石榴子石化 钾长花岗斑岩 224.7±
3.4 Ma何书跃等, 2009 224.0±
1.6 Ma李世金等, 2008 20 乌兰乌珠尔-十字嵩 大型 斑岩Cu−Sn
热液脉型Ag、Pb、Zn似斑状二长花岗岩、
二长花岗岩地表有面型蚀变特征，由北北东到南南西的总体分带为：硅化带→似千枚岩化带→钾化-黑云母化带→泥化带 花岗斑岩 212.3±
1.8 Ma本课题组测试数据 215.1±
4.5 Ma佘宏全等, 2007 21 卡而却卡 大型 斑岩Cu
矽卡岩型Cu、Mo、Zn
隐爆角砾岩型Pb、Zn
热液脉型Cu、Pb、Zn、Au花岗闪长岩、似斑状黑云母
二长花岗岩、滩间山群深部有面型蚀变特征，斑岩为中心向外呈长椭圆状分布，中部为钾硅化带，南侧为黄铁似千枚岩化带 花岗闪
长斑岩219. 2±
1.0 Ma李东生等, 2010 
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