Genetic types of gold deposits in Western Africa and their temporal and spatial distribution
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摘要:
西非素有"黄金海岸"之称, 近年西非金矿勘查和产量不断突破新高, 已超过南非成为非洲最重要的产金区。通过系统总结西非156个有储量数据的金矿山信息发现, 西非已发现金矿储量全球占比超7%, 未来可能成为全球金矿开采与供应的重要一极。成因类型上以造山型金矿为主, 且成矿流体具有富水含碳为特征。砾岩型金矿次之, 独居特色, 其他类型矿床数量较少。西非金矿时间分布上具有广泛分布、高度集中的特点。古元古代埃布尼造山运动(2.2.~2.0 Ga)对金矿的形成具有绝对控制作用, 其他时期金矿数量相对较少。西非金矿空间分布广泛, 且具有明显的丛聚性分布特征, 集中分布于西非克拉通内的莱奥地盾区, 其他地区零星出露。根据西非金矿成矿地质背景与空间分布规律, 划分了23个Ⅳ成矿带。上述研究不仅有助于深入了解西非金矿成矿地质条件及矿床分布规律, 也对该区下步的找矿勘查部署具一定的指示意义, 更可能为该区金矿理论研究提供启示。
Abstract:West Africa is known as the "Gold Coast". In recent years, the gold in West Africa prospecting exploration and production has continuously broken new highs, and it has surpassed South Africa to become the most important gold-producing region in Africa. In order to understand the geological conditions and their temporal and spatial distribution of gold deposits in West Africa, this paper systematically sorts out and summarizes 156 gold deposits in West Africa. A comprehensive study found that West Africa has discovered gold reserves accounting for more than 7% of the world, and will become an important pole of global gold mining and supply in the future. In terms of genetic type, the gold orogenic type deposit is the main type in West Africa, and its ore-forming fluid is characterized by the enrichments of water and carbon. The conglomerate type gold deposit is the second important genetic type, which is an unique type in West Africa. The gold deposits in West Africa are widely distributed and highly concentrated in time. The Eburnean Orogeny (2.2 ~2.0 Ga) in Paleoproterozoic has an absolute control on the formation of gold deposits in West Africa, and relatively few gold deposits formed in other periods. The gold deposits in West Africa are widely distributed in space and have obvious cluster distribution characteristics, which are concentrated in the Leo shield area within the West Africa Craton. Whereas, the other areas are sporadically exposed. According to the geological background and spatial distribution of gold deposits in West Africa, 23 Ⅳ metallogenic belts are firstly divided in this area. The above research is not only helpful to understand the metallogenic geological conditions and distribution rules of gold deposits in West Africa, but also could supply some indication on the next prospecting and exploration deployment, and also may provide some enlightenment for the theoretical research of gold deposits in this area.
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表 1 西非金矿资源特征
Table 1. The characteristics of gold resources in West Africa
国家 加纳 马里 布基纳法索 塞内加尔 科特迪瓦 几内亚 塞拉利昂 毛里塔尼亚 利比里亚 储量/t 1303 728.8 620.6 226.5 217.4 172.8 37.6 217.4 49.5 资源量/t 3885 1735 2290.5 404 853 609.4 245.6 344 239.6 矿床数量/个 158 142 184 36 76 45 23 23 35 大型(＞20 t) 12 7 11 4 3 3 1 1 1 超大型(＞100 t) 4 4 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 品位变化/(g·t-1) 0.9~9.1 0.8~4.4 0.8~12.2 1.3~5.7 0.9~2.6 0.5~3.1 1.6~4.4 0.6~1.9 1.5~2.6 
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表 2 西非金矿成矿带划分及其特征
Table 2. Division of gold metallogenic belts in West Africa and their characteristics
成矿域(Ⅰ级) 成矿省(Ⅱ级) 成矿带(Ⅲ级) 成矿亚带(Ⅳ级) 矿床类型 代表性矿床 冈瓦纳 西非克拉通 莱奥地盾 凯古杜金矿亚带(Ⅳ-1) 造山型 萨迪奥拉、萨博达拉、卡拉克纳、马萨瓦、迪巴金矿等 凯涅巴金矿亚带(Ⅳ-2) 造山型、矽卡岩型 鲁卢、塔巴科托、费科拉金矿 锡吉里金矿亚带(Ⅳ-3) 造山型、冲积砂矿型 列法、锡吉里、特瑞克金矿等 科巴达-卡纳拉金矿亚带(Ⅳ-4) 造山型、冲积砂矿型 科巴达、卡纳拉、科迪尔郎金矿等 莫里拉-萨亚玛金矿亚带(Ⅳ-5) 造山型、冲积砂矿型 莫里拉、萨亚玛金矿等 瓦格尼翁-塞积拉金矿亚带(Ⅳ-6) 造山型、矽卡岩型 瓦格尼翁、塞积拉、唐格金矿等 博利-多罗波金矿亚带(Ⅳ-7) 造山型、矽卡岩型、冲积砂矿型 博利、马纳、宏德、加瓦、巴蒂、多罗波金矿等 伊纳塔-塔帕口金矿亚带(Ⅳ-8) 造山型、矽卡岩型 伊纳塔、埃萨卡纳、塔帕口金矿等 科瑞-可阿卡金矿亚带(Ⅳ-9) 造山型、矽卡岩型、冲积砂矿型 科瑞、可阿卡、波姆波金矿等 南迪尼-邦沟金矿亚带(Ⅳ-10) 造山型、矽卡岩型 南迪尼、尤噶、邦沟金矿等 博乐-布亿金矿亚带(Ⅳ-11) 造山型金矿 博乐、廷噶、布亿金矿等 赛夫维金矿亚带(Ⅳ-12) 造山型、矽卡岩型、砾岩型、冲积砂矿型 阿哈弗、比比阿尼、阿散口、阿菲玛金矿等 阿散蒂金矿亚带(Ⅳ-13) 造山型、矽卡岩型、砾岩型、冲积砂矿型 奥布阿西、达芒、瓦萨、塔克瓦、伊杜阿普瑞姆、阿克耶姆金矿等 耀丽-波尼克瑞金矿亚带(Ⅳ-14) 造山型、矽卡岩型 耀丽、波尼克瑞、阿格保金矿等 阿布贾-图普金矿亚带(Ⅳ-15) 造山型、冲积砂矿型 阿布贾、图普金矿等 普图山-杜格贝金矿亚带(Ⅳ-16) 造山型、冲积砂矿型 普图山、杜格贝金矿等 伊蒂-赛斯托斯金矿亚带(Ⅳ-17) 造山型、矽卡岩型、冲积砂矿型 科巴蒙特、伊尼斯、伊蒂金矿 马恩地盾 可可亚金矿亚带(Ⅳ-18) 造山型 可可亚金矿 佐罗沃-比山金矿亚带(Ⅳ-19) 造山型、冲积砂矿型 比山、恩达布拉马、韦朱金矿等 苏拉山-凯格瑞金矿亚带(Ⅳ-20) 造山型、冲积砂矿型 桑方、堡马浑金矿等 雷圭巴特地盾 塔斯阿斯特-盖尔波莫格瑞恩金矿亚带(Ⅳ-21) 造山型、IOCG型 塔斯阿斯特、盖尔波莫格瑞恩、提吉瑞特金矿等 泛非活动带 罗克列德- 毛里塔尼亚构造带 车嘎金矿亚带(Ⅳ-22) 造山型 车嘎、欧阿金矿等 曼丁勾山金矿带(Ⅳ-23) 造山型、冲积砂矿型 金海岸、曼丁勾山金矿等
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