Mineral resources and investment environment in Democratic Republic of the Congo
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摘要:
在实施“走出去”战略和推进“一带一路”倡议的背景下，近年中资企业在国际矿业投资领域得到了快速发展。刚果(金)铜、钴、金刚石、锡、钽铌等矿产的资源量在全球占有重要地位，加之近年政府吸引和鼓励外来投资的利好政策，使之成为全球最火的矿业投资热土之一。从区域地质、矿产资源及开发现状、基础设施、矿业投资环境等方面对刚果(金)的地质矿产概况进行了梳理。钴和铜是刚果(金)最丰富的2种金属矿产，集中分布在南部加丹加地区。铜钴矿业开发活跃，是刚果(金)重要的经济支柱。加丹加地区是刚果(金)经济发展和基础设施最好的地区之一，也是最佳矿业投资选择。当前，电力短缺问题是制约刚果(金)矿业发展的主要因素，未来随着布桑加水电站和大英加水电站的建成，电荒问题也将得到逐步解决。刚果(金)作为当下全球矿业投资的热土，虽然在政治环境、社会治安、矿业政策等方面存在一定的投资风险，但近年中国和刚果(金)不断发展的外交关系是中资企业在刚果(金)开展合作投资的重要保障。在当前刚果(金)加入“一带一路”倡议的大背景下，未来应继续加强中刚两国产能合作，促进中刚矿业合作可持续发展。
Abstract:In the background of the "going out" strategy and "the Belt and Road" construction, Chinese enterprises have achieved rapid development in the field of international mining investment in recent years.Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), endowed with copper, cobalt, diamond, tin, tantalum, niobium and other mineral resources, occupies an important position in the world.In addition, the government has attracted and encouraged foreign investors in recent years, and DRC has become one of the hottest mining investment markets in the world.The regional geology, infrastructure, development status of mineral resources, and investment environment of DRC are summarized.Cobalt and copper are the most abundant resources in DRC, which are mainly distributed in the Katanga area, southern DRC.The copper and cobalt mining industry, as an important economic pillar, has been actively developed in DRC.The Katanga area is one of the best economic development and infrastructure areas in Congo, and is the best option for mining investment.At present, the problem of power shortage is the main factor restricting the development of DRC mining industry.In the future, with the completion of Busanga and Grand Inga hydropower station, the problem of power shortage will be gradually solved. As the hot land for global mining investment, although DRC has some investment risks in political environment, social security and mining policy, the newly developed diplomatic relations between China and DRC in recent years are the important guarantee for Chinese enterprises to carry out cooperative investments in DRC.Under the background of DRC's joining the Belt and Road Initiative, China and the DRC should continue to strengthen cooperation in energy production and promote sustainable development of mining cooperation.
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图 3 刚果(金)2006—2020年各矿种投入的勘查经费(据标普数据https://www.spglobal.com/zh/)
Figure 3.
图 4 刚果(金)矿权分布图(据http://drclicences.cami.cd/en/)
Figure 4.
图 5 刚果(金)有利矿权分布图(据http://drclicences.cami.cd/en/)
Figure 5.
表 1 刚果(金)2006—2020年各矿种投入的勘查经费(百万美元)
Table 1. Exploration cost of each metal resource in DRC from 2006 to 2020 (million US dollars)
矿种 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 钴 0 0 0 0 2 1.5 5.3 1.1 3.8 3.6 1.2 9 22.8 14.4 13.6 铜 51.9 100.8 143.4 106.7 78.7 160.5 239 235 203.3 134.4 99.4 107.1 174.1 106.5 81.4 金刚石 26.1 66.6 56.1 6.6 7.9 6.2 4.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 金 48.6 62.8 92.6 42.8 94.2 88.7 120.4 80 41.4 35.9 33.3 35.8 33.7 34.6 13.1 镧 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0.3 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 锂 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 12.9 14.8 4.8 钼 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 镍 0.5 0 0.1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0.4 其它 3 4.7 7.8 3.6 0 0 0.7 1.5 4.5 15.7 4.4 4.5 0 0.9 1.2 铂族金属 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 钾盐 0 0 0 0 0 2 18.3 2.2 2.7 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 银 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 铀 0 0 1 0.7 0 0.1 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 铅锌 0.3 0.4 0 0.3 0 0 0 31.7 50.3 20 13 18 26 2.5 26 合计 130.4 235.3 301 161.4 183.2 259.4 389.2 351.6 306.2 212 151.3 175 269.5 174.2 140.5 注：据标普数据https://www.spglobal.com/zh/ 
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表 2 刚果(金)铜钴成矿带主要矿业公司及所控制的矿山
Table 2. Main mining companies and their controlled mines in the Cu-Co metallogenic belt, DRC
所属企业 所控制的矿山/矿段 矿业公司 西方企业 Boss、Comide、Frontier、Kambove(ERGS)、Lonshi、Metalkol RTR 欧亚资源 Kamoto、KOV、Mutanda、Tilwezembe、Kananga 嘉能可 Etoile、Mufunta、Mutoshi 莎莉娜 Kipoi、Lupoto 老虎资源 中资企业 TFM、Kamoa、Kolwezi、Kamoya、Deziwa、Kinsevere、Kinsenda、Kambove、Kalongwe 中色、洛钼、紫金、五矿、万宝、金川、华友、盛屯等 本土企业 Kabolela、Kalumines、Kamfundwa、Kamwale、Kipapila、Lufomboshi、Shangolowe 杰卡明等
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表 3 刚果(金)国家电力公司目前拥有及在建的水电站[24-25]
Table 3. Existing and under construction hydropower stations of the DRC National Electric Company
水电站名称 建成年代 位置 涡轮机安装个数 装机容量/MW 涡轮机使用个数 实际发电量/MW Busanga 在建 加丹加地区 240 Zongo Ⅱ 2020 下刚果省 3 150 Inga Ⅰ 1972 加丹加地区 6 351 3 175 Inga Ⅱ 1982 加丹加地区 8 1424 3 534 Zongo 1975 下刚果省 5 75 1 13 Mpozo 1938 下刚果省 2 2.2 0 0 Sanga 1949 下刚果省 6 11.5 0 0 Nseke 1957 加丹加地区 4 248 3 186 Nzilo 1954 加丹加地区 4 108 4 108 Koni 1950 加丹加地区 3 42 0 0 Mwadingusha 1954 加丹加地区 6 68 6 68 Kalubi 1954 加丹加地区 3 10 1 3 RuziziI 1972 南基伍省 4 29 4 29 RuziziII 1989 南基伍省 2 9 2 9 Tshopo 1974 东方省 3 18 1 6 Mobayi & Mbongo 1987 赤道省 3 11 3 11 Kyimbi 1959 南基伍省 2 17 1 8 Lungudi 1949 西开赛省 2 1.56 1 0.78
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表 4 刚果(金)输电线路概况[25]
Table 4. Overview of transmission lines in DRC
线路 电压/kV 距离/km Inga-Kolwezi 550 1740 Inga-Kintata-Boma & Kintata-Matadi 132 128 Inga-Kwilu-Kinshasa-Brazzaville 220×2 295 Kwilu-Zongo-Kinshasa 70 235 Zongo-Kinshasa 132 65 Nseke-Kolwezi-Fungurume-Panda-Karavia-Kasumbalesa 220 & 220×2 390 & 221 Nseke-Nzilo-Kolwezi-Tenke-Kambove-Shilatembo-Lubumbashi 110 1013 Bukavu-Bujumbura 70 119 Bukavu-Goma 110 106
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