The supernormal enrichment regularity and metallogenic conditions of hydrothermal vein-type nickel-cobalt ore deposit in the Cambrian black rock series of Jinxiu, Guangxi, South China
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摘要:
在华南地区的广西金秀寒武系黑色岩系中发现了热液脉状镍钴矿床，矿石品位超常富集，元素组合特殊，实属罕见，具有重要的科学价值和找矿意义。本文介绍龙华矿床的地质特征和矿石富集规律，以及矿物学和地球化学初步研究成果。含矿围岩是寒武系清溪组下段炭质泥岩，矿体可分为高品位热液脉状和低品位浸染状2类。主矿脉中出现镍-钴-砷和镍-钴-硫两类矿物组合，且两者呈分离状态，分别赋存在NWW向和NNW向断裂构造中。矿石成分主要是镍-钴砷化物、少量硫化物，以及石英和碳酸盐。采用电子探针方法分析了红砷镍矿、辉砷镍矿、硫镍矿、针镍矿、方钴矿、辉铋矿和自然铋矿物的元素含量，讨论了主要矿石矿物的Fe-Co-Ni三元图解。根据矿物内部结构构造和共生关系，厘清了矿物生成顺序，将矿石矿物的形成过程划分为内生热液作用期和表生作用期。元素面扫描分析结果表明，红砷镍矿内部Ni、Co、S元素具有显著的分带特征，可能是二次生长的结果。热液脉状镍钴矿床可能是加里东运动以前的古老地壳物质再循环的产物，花岗岩体与成矿作用的关系尚难评判，Ni-Co元素的超常富集可能主要来自于后期的构造-流体改造作用。
Abstract:A hydrothermal vein-type nickel-cobalt deposit was discovered in the Cambrian black rock series in Jinxiu, Guangxi, South China.The deposit is exceptionally rare and holds significant scientific and prospecting importance.This paper introduces the geological characteristics of the Longhua deposit, the rules governing ore enrichment, as well as mineralogical and geochemical investigations.The ore-bearing rock is carbonaceous mudstone in the lower part of the Cambrian Qingxi Formation, and the ore-bodies can be classified into two types: high-grade hydrothermal veins and low-grade disseminated types.Two main mineral assemblages are identified: Ni-Co-As and Ni-Co-S, occurring within the primary vein.Their distribution aligns with NWW and NNW trending faults, respectively.The primary ore minerals consist of Ni-Co arsenide, accompanied by a minor presence of sulfide, quartz and carbonate.Elemental contents of niccolite, gersdorffite, polydymite, millerite, skutterudite, bismuthite, and native bismuth minerals were analyzed using the electron probe method.Additionally, the Fe-Co-Ni ternary diagram of the primary ore minerals was examined.Based on the internal structure and paragenetic relationships of minerals, the sequence of mineral formation is elucidated, and the formation process of ore minerals can be divided into endogenic hydrothermal stage and epigenetic stage.The results of elemental mapping analysis reveal significant zonation characteristics in Ni, Co, and S elements within niccolite, possibly indicating secondary growth as the underlying cause.The hydrothermal vein-type nickel-cobalt deposit may be the product of the old crustal material recirculation before Caledonian Movement. The relationship between granites and mineralization is still difficult to judge. The supernormal enrichment of nickel-cobalt elements may mainly come from the late tectonic-fluid reformation.
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图 1 龙华镍-钴矿床位置图(据Li et al., 2017修改)
Figure 1.
图 2 龙华镍-钴矿区地质平面图(a)与A-A′典型剖面(b) (据中国有色桂林矿产地质研究院有限公司，2016修改)
Figure 2.
表 1 龙华矿区PD3和PD1坑道中3号矿体矿石分析结果
Table 1. Analytical result of ores from PD1 and PD3 tunnels of No.3 ore zone in Longhua deposit
样号 坑道 位置 Ni/% Co/% Cu/% As/% Bi/% Au/10-6 PD3-H1-2 PD3 3号矿体 18.93 2.76 0.0015 X荧光法分析，12.72%~ 36.46%，平均为28.47% 0.96 PD3-H2-2 3号矿体 21.65 0.73 0.0015 0.03 PD3-H3-2 3号矿体 19.62 0.80 0.0015 0.044 PD3-H4-2 3号矿体 6.16 1.44 0.0014 0.092 PD3-H5-2 3号矿体 14.51 1.52 0.0022 0.41 P1 PD1 沿脉矿石 0.99 1.52 3.44 6.25 P2 沿脉矿石 0.15 P4 沿脉矿石 0.097 0.49 P5 沿脉矿石 0.28 0.15 6.77 P6 沿脉矿石 0.12 0.52 注：据中国有色桂林矿产地质研究院有限公司，2016。分析方法：Ni、Co、Cu为发射光谱法，As、Bi、Au为等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测试方法 
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表 2 龙华矿区3号矿体近矿围岩和石英脉分析结果
Table 2. Analytical result of country rock and quartz vein of No.3 ore zone in Longhua deposit
样号 名称 Ni/% Co/% Cu/% Au/10-6 PD3-H1-1 硅化砂岩 0.10 0.032 0.018 0.0056 PD3-H1-3 硅化砂岩 0.29 0.054 0.034 0.0064 PD3-H2-1 硅化砂岩 0.24 0.034 0.060 0.0072 PD3-H2-3 硅化砂岩 0.11 0.029 0.011 0.0070 PD3-H3-1 硅化砂岩 0.062 0.0054 0.0051 0.0078 PD3-H3-3 硅化砂岩 0.085 0.013 0.0082 0.0054 PD3-H4-1 硅化砂岩 0.050 0.026 0.0026 0.0062 PD3-H4-3 硅化砂岩 0.087 0.0076 0.010 0.011 PD3-H5-1 硅化砂岩 0.58 0.056 0.0010 0.0098 PD3-H5-3 硅化砂岩 0.018 0.0064 0.0020 0.013 PD3-H0 石英脉 0.015 0.011 0.0026 0.0078 PD3-H6-1 硅化砂岩 0.016 0.0048 0.034 0.0076 PD3-H6-2 石英脉 0.025 0.0034 0.024 0.0082 PD3-H7-1 硅化砂岩 0.13 0.10 0.049 0.032 PD3-H7-2 矿化石英脉 0.20 0.13 0.022 0.16 PD3-H7-3 硅化砂岩 0.010 0.0095 0.0044 0.0084 注：据中国有色桂林矿产地质研究院有限公司，2016；分析方法：Ni、Co、Cu为发射光谱法，Au为等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测试方法
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表 3 主要矿石矿物电子探针数据
Table 3. EPMA analyses of the major ore minerals from the Longhua deposit
矿物 红砷镍矿 硫镍矿 自然铋 辉铋矿 标号 1-2-1 1-2-4 2-1-4 2-1-5 7-1-2 7-1-3 1-4-1 1-4-5 1-2-2 1-2-5 1-4-2 2-3-4 As 52.94 53.32 54.83 55.15 52.45 54.17 54.52 53.89 0.73 0 0 0.17 Ni 44.51 44.18 44.28 44.78 37.87 40.26 44.41 44.79 45.73 0.63 0.63 0.18 S 0.35 0.56 0.03 0.04 3.10 2.18 0.43 0.30 39.96 1.13 0.51 18.54 Co 0.20 0.33 0.10 0.14 0.22 3.78 0.21 0.19 0.46 0 0 0.1 Fe 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.05 5.41 0.10 0.04 0 7.90 0.19 0.32 0.18 Bi 0.02 0.16 0.32 0 0.27 0 0 0.08 0.76 93.83 98.54 74.09 Sb 0.67 0.76 0.02 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.72 0.81 0.07 0 0 0.31 总计 98.73 99.36 99.59 100.31 99.50 100.65 100.33 100.06 95.61 95.78 100.00 93.57 矿物 辉砷镍矿 方钴矿 针镍矿 标号 2-1-1 2-1-2 2-1-3 1-4-4 1-4-6 7-1-1 7-1-4 7-1-5 4-2-2 4-2-3 1-2-3 1-4-7 As 44.97 45.41 47.65 44.42 45.05 81.20 82.04 81.60 81.22 81.45 2.78 2.919 Ni 25.91 26.66 28.66 26.30 21.50 0.77 1.00 1.01 0.98 0.96 44.62 44.36 S 16.08 15.65 14.66 19.53 19.60 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.12 22.83 23.17 Co 7.95 7.17 4.85 8.61 13.57 20.41 20.32 20.35 20.36 20.42 0.03 0.06 Fe 0.42 0.69 0.57 1.06 0.90 0.51 0.55 0.52 0.52 0.51 2.17 2.61 Bi 0.52 0.02 0.13 0.22 0 0.14 0.15 0 0.12 0.15 28.37 26.83 Sb 0.21 0.26 0.15 0.34 0.13 0 0 0 0 0 0.49 1.20 总计 96.06 95.86 96.67 100.48 100.75 103.17 104.20 103.59 103.34 103.61 101.29 101.15
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表 4 矿石矿物生成序列
Table 4. Paragenetic sequence of ore minerals in the Longhua deposit
矿物 热液作用期 表生作用期 红砷镍矿 
方钴矿 
辉砷镍矿 
辉铋矿 
自然铋 
针镍矿 
硫镍矿 
石英 
镍华 
钴华 
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