Engineering Geological Property of Loess and Cause of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Landslide Geo-Hazards in Yili Valley
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摘要:
黄土滑坡是伊犁谷地最为典型的地质灾害之一。为揭示伊犁谷地黄土滑坡地质灾害时空分布的成因，针对伊犁谷地不同区域采集了121件黄土原状样品开展物理力学性质试验，并分析伊犁谷地滑坡地质灾害发育特征与时空分布规律，研究伊犁黄土工程地质性质与滑坡地质灾害时空分布规律的相关性。研究表明，伊犁谷地滑坡在空间上主要分布于黄土发育的中低山区与山前黄土丘陵区，集中分布在伊犁谷地东南部，时间上，主要集中发育在每年的4～5月融雪期；较大的细颗粒含量与天然含水率以及低抗剪强度是空间上伊犁谷地东南部黄土滑坡发育的根本原因；黄土的低渗透性、反复冻融作用造成表部黄土劣化与强度降低是导致伊犁谷地4～5月融雪期浅表层黄土滑坡灾害发育的主要因素。笔者研究可为伊犁谷地黄土滑坡地质灾害的成因机制研究与防治提供参考。
Abstract:The Loess landslide is one of the most typical geo-hazards in Yili valley, Xinjiang. In order to reveal the causes of spatial and temporal distribution of loess landslides in Yili Valley, 121 undisturbed loess samples have been collected from different areas in Yili Valley and carried out physical and mechanical properties tests, and the development characteristics and spatial and temporal distribution of landslide geo-hazards in Yili Valley were analyzed, and then the correlation between the engineering geological properties of loess in Yili valley and the spatial and temporal distribution of landslide geo-hazards was studied. The results show that landslides in Yili Valley are mainly distributed in the middle and low mountain areas and the loess hilly areas in front of mountains, and are concentrated in the southeast of the Yili Valley; high fine particle content, high natural water content and low shear strength are the essential causes of loess landslide development in the southeastern of the Yili Valley; the low permeability of loess, and the deterioration and strength reduction of surface loess caused by repeated freeze-thaw are the main factors which lead to the development of shallow loess landslides in the snowmelt period from April to May in Yili Valley. The studies in this paper can provide reference for the research on the mechanism and prevention of the loess landslide geo-hazards in Yili Valley.
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表 1 伊犁谷地滑坡体厚度分类表
Table 1. Classification of landslide thickness in Yili valley
滑坡厚度 （m） 浅层
＜10 m中层
10 m≤h＜25 m深层
25 m≤h＜50 m超深层
＞50 m合计 数量统计 （处） 1088 113 34 9 1244 比例 （%） 87.46 9.08 2.73 0.72 100.00 
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表 2 伊犁谷地滑坡地质灾害在行政单元上的分布数量
Table 2. Quantity of landslide geo-hazards in Yili valley Based on administrative units
行政单元 新源 巩留 尼勒克 特克斯 伊宁县 霍城 昭苏 察布查 伊宁市 合计 滑坡数量（处） 1169 546 378 123 79 51 50 48 18 2462 占比 47.48 22.18 15.35 5.00 3.21 2.07 2.03 1.95 0.73 100
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表 3 伊犁谷地黄土的液塑限及塑性指数
Table 3. Liquid limit, plastic limit and plastic index of loess in Yili valley
指标 霍城县 伊宁县 察县 巩留县 尼勒克县 新源县 特克斯县 昭苏县 液限（%） 25.7 28.04 22.45 36.42 33.03 32.35 30.76 32.5 塑限（%） 13.44 7.44 6.89 2.88 10.18 7.17 12.81 12.99 塑性指数 12.26 20.6 15.56 33.54 22.85 25.18 17.95 19.51
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表 4 伊犁谷地黄土的压缩指数、湿陷系数与渗透系数
Table 4. Compression index and coefficient of collapsibility and permeability
指标 霍城 伊宁 察县 巩留 尼勒克 新源 特克斯 昭苏 压缩指数 0.136 0.149 0.151 0.178 0.212 0.243 0.185 0.268 湿陷系数（%） 0.0032 0.0057 0.0041 0.077 0.047 0.05 0.023 0.0106 渗透系数（cm/s） 3.00E-07 2.00E-07 3.50E-07 6.50E-08 7.00E-08 4.50E-08 8.00E-08 8.00E-08
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表 5 伊犁谷地黄土直剪强度
Table 5. Direct shear strength of loess in Yili valley
指标 霍城县 伊宁县 察县 巩留县 尼勒克县 新源县 特克斯县 昭苏县 100 kPa直剪强度 120.26 112.7 97.01 90.17 83.34 76.66 84.01 74.18 200 kPa直剪强度 191.26 156.37 145.39 141.34 132.79 132.48 139.24 125.87 400 kPa直剪强度 266.41 261.75 250.52 248.46 238.3 236.26 247.14 227.65
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表 6 伊犁谷地黄土三轴剪切强度
Table 6. Triaxial shear strength of loess in Yili Valley
指标 霍城县 伊宁县 察县 巩留县 尼勒克县 新源县 特克斯县 昭苏县 100 kPa直剪强度 460.01 433.44 260.27 346.74 183.55 182.56 248.37 145.69 200 kPa直剪强度 754.85 536.55 535.8 491.97 373.97 318.38 435.88 262.63 400 kPa直剪强度 885.65 884.47 798.93 763.85 715.8 675.42 728.85 649.93
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表 7 伊犁谷地不同区域黄土内聚力与内摩擦角
Table 7. Cohesion and internal friction angle of loess in different regions of Yili Valley
指标 霍城县 伊宁县 察县 巩留县 尼勒克县 新源县 特克斯县 昭苏县 粘聚力C（kPa） 18.32 25.38 23.91 29.79 31.91 34.97 28.1 31.22 内摩擦角φ（°） 34.14 29.65 27.02 25.67 23.02 19.08 27.32 28.37
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