Engineering Geological Effects of Burnt Rocks in the Northeastern Margin of Ordos Basin
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摘要:
烧变岩是由煤层自燃对周围岩体高温烘烤形成，在中国西北地区（新疆、宁夏、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古等）煤田多有分布。笔者以鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘的烧变岩为研究对象，通过野外地质调查与实测以及资料收集，研究了神木、府谷、保德–河曲等黄河沿线等地及准格尔旗的烧变岩形成模式和工程地质效应。研究表明：烧变岩可划分为烘烤岩、烘变岩、烧结岩、烧熔岩4种类型；在煤层自燃高温烘烤后，烧变岩的微观结构与矿物成分与原岩相比发生显著变化，孔洞裂隙发育，强度下降，渗透性与导水性增强；岩体结构由层状变为碎裂状，岩体质量降低，并成为矿区重要的地下水储存空间。岩体受煤层自燃影响，承载力降低，烧变岩上部烧空区使边坡产生卸荷作用，在岩体内形成贯通节理面及软弱接触面，在降雨、冻融及地表水入渗下诱发边坡失稳，产生地质灾害；烧变岩区地下水位较低致使地表植被稀疏，生态脆弱。本次研究从形成机制方面和工程地质条件阐述了烧变岩诱发的工程地质和环境效应，主要体现在烧变岩区边坡崩塌失稳、地面塌陷与地裂缝、矿井水害、植被退化等方面，为烧变岩区工程活动和灾害防治提供了理论和实践参考。
Abstract:Burnt rocks is formed by the spontaneous combustion of coal seams on the surrounding rock mass at high temperature, and is mostly distributed in coalfields in northwest China (Xinjiang, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, etc.). In this paper, the formation mode and engineering geological effects of burnt rocks along the Yellow River and Junger Banner in Shenmu, Fugu, Baode-Hequ Yellow River and Junger Banner were studied through field geological survey, actual measurement and data collection. The results show that burnt rock can be divided into four types: baked rock, baked metamorphic rock, sintered rock and burnt lava. After baking at high temperatures from spontaneous combustion in the coal seams, compared with the original rock, the microstructure and mineralogical composition of the burnt rock have changed significantly, with the development of pores and cracks, decreased strength, and increased permeability and hydraulic conductivity. The structure of the burn rock changes from laminated to fractured, the rock mass decreases, and it becomes an important groundwater storage space in the mining area. Affected by spontaneous combustion of coal seam, the bearing capacity of rock mass decreases, and the burned-out zone above the burned rock produces the unloading effect of slope, forming through joint surface and weak contact surface in the rock mass, and inducing slope instability under rainfall, freeze-thaw and surface water infiltration, resulting in geological disasters. The low water table in the burnt rock area leads to sparse vegetation and fragile ecology. This study describes the engineering geological and environmental effects induced by burnt rocks from the aspects of formation mechanism and engineering geological conditions, which are mainly manifested in the aspects of slope failure and instability, ground subsidence and ground cracks, water damage in mines, and degradation of vegetation in burnt rock areas, and provides theoretical and practical references to engineering activities and disaster prevention and control in burnt rock areas.
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