Spatial and Temporal Framework, Evolution of Magma Sources, and Tectonic Settings of Paleozoic Magmatic Rocks in West Tianshan, China
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摘要:
中亚造山带是全球最大、最典型的增生造山带，是全球显生宙陆壳生长最显著的地区之一。在中亚造山带形成过程中，伴随古亚洲洋的闭合，以及不同性质构造块体的拼贴碰撞，形成了巨量的岩浆岩。笔者以中亚造山带西段西天山出露的古生代岩浆岩为研究对象，系统总结了岩浆岩的时空格架、成因类型、源区特征和构造背景等特征。区内岩浆岩主要形成于3个阶段：寒武纪早期—中泥盆世早期（497～388 Ma）、晚泥盆世—早石炭世（375～323 Ma）、晚石炭世—中二叠世（322～263 Ma）。第一阶段和第二阶段的侵入岩组合主要为钙碱性I型花岗岩，以及具有“岛弧”地球化学特征的中、基性岩石，部分岩体具有埃达克质岩石的性质，并发育少量A型花岗岩。晚石炭世—中二叠世花岗岩等侵入岩以多样性的成分为特征，包括“正常的”钙碱性I型花岗岩、埃达克质岩石、A型花岗岩，以及局部出露的S型花岗岩，基性岩石中也出现较多具洋岛玄武岩特征的辉长岩和玄武岩。结合其他地质证据，笔者认为寒武纪早期—中泥盆世早期、晚泥盆世—早石炭世岩浆岩形成于与古亚洲洋洋分支洋盆俯冲有关的构造环境中，且岩浆活动的迁移和地球化学成分演化趋势均揭示俯冲过程中发生了多次从前进型、低角度俯冲到后撤型、高角度俯冲的转化。西天山南北洋盆的最终闭合均发生在晚石炭世。在南侧，古南天山洋的闭合跟随着大陆板块之间的“硬碰撞”。而在北侧，伊犁地块和中天山地块北缘与一不成熟/新生岛弧发生了“软碰撞”。就地壳演化的方式而言，基于Hf同位素资料所揭示的长英质岩浆岩源区物质演化，识别出西天山地区在在古生代交替发生大陆地壳物质再循环（continental reworking）和大陆生长（continental growth）。在俯冲阶段，大洋板片后撤（回卷）占据了主导性地位，导致了微陆块中增生造山作用开始之前形成的古老物质大量被同增生阶段形成的新生物质所置换，伊犁地块、中天山地块等块体是在古生代被显著“再更新（rejuvenation）”的古老微陆块。后碰撞伸展阶段大范围幔源岩浆底侵进一步造成了显著的地壳生长。整个古生代，西天山及邻区以地壳生长为主导。
Abstract:The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is Earth's largest and most representative accretionary belt and records the most extensive growth and reworking of the continental crust. Accompanying the closure of the giant Paleo-Asian Ocean and the amalgamation of tectonic blocks in the CAOB regime, with different origins and evolutionary histories, voluminous magmatic rocks were formed. This study focuses on Paleozoic magmatic rocks exposed in West Tianshan and systemically summarizes the spatiotemporal frameworks, genetic types, evolution of their magma sources in space and time, and tectonic settings of these rocks. Paleozoic magmatic rocks in West Tianshan were mainly formed at three stages, i.e., Early Cambrian to Middle Devonian (～479 to ～388 Ma), Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous (～375 to ～372 Ma), and Late Carboniferous to Middle Permian (～322 to ～263 Ma). Magmatic rocks formed at the first and second stages are mainly of calc-alkaline I-type granite and intermediate and mafic rocks with "arc-like" geochemical fingerprints, with a few rocks bearing "adakite-like" features; a few A-type granites are also found. By contrast, Late Carboniferous to Middle Permian magmatic rocks show a diversity in rock types, including calc-alkaline I-type, adakite-like, and A-type felsic rocks, with a few locally exposed S-type granites; OIB-like mafic rocks formed in this period, such as gabbros and basalts, occur locally. In combination with other geological evidence, this study proposes that Early Cambrian to early Middle Devonian and Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous magmatic activities took place in convergent continental margin settings, which were associated with the subduction of branches of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Besides, both magmatic migration and secular changes in geochemical proxies indicate the transition from advancing low-angle to retreating high-angle subduction. The final closure of oceanic basins plausibly occurred in the Late Carboniferous. Following the closure of the South Tianshan Ocean, a "hard" collision with the arriving Tarim Craton occurred; by contrast, in the north, the northern margin of the Yili-Central Tianshan Block amalgamated with an immature/nascent island arc. In terms of continental evolution, based on Hf isotopic datasets, this study identifies alternating occurrences of growth and reworking. During subduction stages, retreating subduction (slab rollback) played a predominant role, resulting in large-scale replacement of ancient, pre-accretionary materials by new-formed, syn-accretionary materials. Therefore, Yili and Central Tianshan blocks, can be viewed as ancient microcontinents that were significantly rejuvenated during accretionary processes. In the post-collisional stage, large-scale underplating of mantle-derived magmas represents another phase of continental growth. During the Paleozoic, West Tianshan and adjacent regions were characterized dominantly by continental growth.
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Key words:
- Central Asian Orogenic Belt /
- West Tianshan /
- Paleozoic /
- magmatic rock /
- continental crustal growth
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图 1 中亚造山带及相邻克拉通位置略图（a）（据Şengör et al.，2018；Xiao et al., 2015修改）、中国西天山主要构造单元岩浆岩图（b）
Figure 1.
图 2 西天山各期岩浆岩的K2O+Na2O-SiO2图解（底图据Middlemost，1994）、K2O+Na2O-CaO-SiO2图解（底图据Frost et al.，2001）和K2O-SiO2图解（底图据Peccerillo et al.，1976）
Figure 2.
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