ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY OF ARSENIC AND CADMIUM IN CULTIVATED LAND AROUND BAOTOU INDUSTRIAL ZONE
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摘要:
耕地中重金属含量超标直接影响农作物和灌溉水的质量, 而且严重影响人体健康. 通过调查内蒙古包头工业区周边灌溉水、化肥、农作物及根系土中砷和镉含量及形态特征, 研究其转化和富集规律, 结果表明, 区内土壤和灌溉水呈偏碱性, 灌溉水和化肥中砷、镉含量符合国家标准; 玉米、向日葵、甘蓝、葱的根系土和可食部分砷含量均未超标, 砷主要以残渣态形式存在; 4种农作物根系土中镉有不同程度超标现象, 向日葵籽粒镉含量超标50%, 其余作物可食部分镉含量均未超标. 通过分析发现, 向日葵籽粒镉超标的原因是与镉赋存形态主要为碳酸盐态和腐殖酸态及向日葵籽粒对镉的富集高于其他植物有关.
Abstract:Excessive heavy metals in cultivated land directly affects the quality of crops and irrigation water, and therefore human health. By investigating the contents and phase states of arsenic and cadmium in irrigation water, chemical fertilizers, crops and root soil around Baotou industrial zone in Inner Mongolia, the paper studies the transformation and enrichment rules of As and Cd. The results show that the soil and irrigation water are weakly alkaline, and the contents of As and Cd in irrigation water and fertilizer are in accordance with national standards. The As contents in root soil and edible parts of corn, sunflower, cabbage and green onion are all below the limit by official standards, mainly existed in the form of residual state. The Cd contents in the root soil of the four crops above exceed the standard in different degrees. Except for 50% exceeding of Cd in sunflower seeds, the edible parts of other crops are below limit. It is found that the excessive Cd in sunflower seeds is because Cd is mainly occurred in carbonate and humic acid forms and the enrichment of Cd in sunflower seeds is higher than that in other plants.
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Key words:
- arsenic /
- cadmium /
- heavy metal /
- irrigation water /
- crop /
- Inner Mongolia
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表 1 农作物根系土和灌溉水pH值特征值表
Table 1. The pH eigenvalues of crop root soil and irrigation water
参数统计 根系土（n=42） 灌溉水 浅水井（n=6） 深水井（n=17） 范围 7.53~8.99 7.90~8.32 7.96~8.29 平均值 8.55 8.14 8.10 标准差 0.28 0.16 1.54 变异系数 0.03 0.02 0.19 
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表 2 农田灌溉水和化肥中砷含量特征值表
Table 2. Eigenvalues of As content in irrigation water and chemical fertilizers
参数统计 灌溉水(mg/L) 化肥/10-6 浅水井(n=6) 深水井(n=17) 复合肥(n=2) 磷酸二铵(n=7) 尿素(n=3) 碳酸氢铵(n=4) 范围 0~0.012 0~0.014 0.44~2.09 7.63~32.1 0.45~0.50 0.30~0.37 平均值 0.002 0.002 1.27 20.29 0.48 0.34 标准差 0.005 0.004 1.17 8.36 0.03 0.03 变异系数 2.45 2.29 0.92 0.41 0.05 0.09 国标限定值 0.1 0.1 50 50 50 50 超标率/% 0 0 0 0 0 0
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表 3 农田灌溉水和化肥中镉元素含量特征值表
Table 3. Eigenvalues of Cd content in irrigation water and chemical fertilizers
参数统计 灌溉水(mg/L) 化肥/10-6 浅水井(n=6) 深水井(n=17) 复合肥(n=2) 磷酸二铵(n=7) 尿素(n=3) 碳酸氢铵(n=4) 范围 0.0001~0.000 5 0~0.000 2 0.052~0.078 0.072~1.63 0.064~0.065 0.025~0.055 平均值 0.000 23 0.000 08 0.07 0.99 0.065 0.039 标准差 0.000 18 0.000 06 0.02 0.53 0.001 0.01 变异系数 0.75 0.77 0.28 0.54 0.01 0.37 国标限定值 0.01 0.01 10 10 10 10 超标率/% 0 0 0 0 0 0
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表 4 玉米、向日葵、甘蓝、葱的食用部分和根系土砷、镉含量特征值表
Table 4. Eigenvalues of As and Cd contents in edible parts and root soil of corn, sunflower, cabbage and green onion
参数统计 玉米根系土（n=14） 向日葵根系土（n=10） 甘蓝根系土（n=8） 葱根系土（n=10） 砷 镉 砷 镉 砷 镉 砷 镉 范围 4.95~12.2 0.14~0.82 5.60~12.1 0.23~0.68 5.37~7.19 0.20~1.03 5.05~7.80 0.11~1.57 平均值 7.94 0.41 7.31 0.44 5.98 0.44 6.30 0.76 标准差 2.15 0.22 2.06 0.15 0.62 0.29 0.82 0.47 变异系数 0.27 0.52 0.28 0.33 0.10 0.66 0.13 0.62 国标限定值 25 0.6 25 0.6 25 0.6 25 0.6 超过风险筛选值比率/% 0 14 0 10 0 25 0 70 参数统计 玉米籽粒（n=14） 向日葵籽粒（n=10） 甘蓝叶（n=8） 葱叶（n=10） 砷 镉 砷 镉 砷 镉 砷 镉 范围 0.13~0.42 0.004~0.011 0.04~0.07 0.054~0.20 0.002~0.028 0.001~0.013 0.005~0.018 0.0025~0.014 平均值 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.12 0.006 0.003 0.01 0.01 标准差 0.08 0.002 0.01 0.06 0.009 0.004 0.004 0.004 变异系数 0.38 0.36 0.26 0.47 1.49 1.55 0.44 0.51 国标限定值 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 超标率/% 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 富集系数/% 2.52 2.44 0.68 27.3 0.10 0.68 0.16 1.32 含量单位：10-6
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表 5 根系土砷、镉相态分析表
Table 5. Phase analysis of As and Cd in root soil
参数统计 砷（n=4）/10-6 水溶态 离子交换态 碳酸盐态 腐殖酸态 铁锰氧化态 强有机态 残渣态 范围 0.018~0.036 0.014~0.021 0.029~0.035 1.06~2.17 0.95~1.42 0.021~0.025 4.12~6.99 平均值 0.027 0.019 0.031 1.70 1.17 0.023 5.63 标准差 0.008 0.003 0.003 0.550 0.215 0.002 1.18 变异系数 0.311 0.171 0.091 0.325 0.184 0.073 0.209 比率/% 0.28 0.19 0.32 17.3 11.9 0.24 57.4 参数统计 镉（n=4）/10-6 水溶态 离子交换态 碳酸盐态 腐殖酸态 铁锰氧化态 强有机态 残渣态 范围 0.003~0.007 0.024~0.066 0.079~0.172 0.06~0.092 0.016~0.046 0.014~0.036 0.010~0.13 平均值 0.006 0.039 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.06 标准差 0.002 0.020 0.04 0.01 0.014 0.01 0.057 变异系数 0.33 0.51 0.32 0.17 0.42 0.34 0.95 比率/% 1.39 9.30 29.3 18.2 7.99 6.68 14.4
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