KARST GEOMORPHOLOGICAL TYPES AND DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS AT DIFFERENT ELEVATIONS IN QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU
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摘要:
青藏高原地区喀斯特地貌发育较为普遍. 通过查阅文献资料和系统性的研究总结, 明确了不同高程下喀斯特地貌类型、发育特征均存在明显的差异. 极高海拔地区(≥ 5 000 m)喀斯特地貌可分为隆起构造山原、内陆湖盆地、内陆湖洼、内陆山原、高山冰川深谷、山原基岩型, 风化剥蚀作用较强, 形成较多的残留峰丛、石柱、洼地等; 高海拔区(3 500~5 000 m)喀斯特地貌可分为喀斯特高山深谷型、喀斯特中高山湖泊、高山冰川深谷、隆起构造山原、内陆湖盆地、内陆湖洼型, 构造-溶蚀作用强, 主要发育大型宏观的峰林、峰丛洼地、溶洞、漏斗等; 中海拔区(1 000~3 500 m)喀斯特地貌可以分为喀斯特高山深谷型、喀斯特中高山湖泊、山原蚀余峰丘、山原峰丘湖泊、内陆湖洼、喀斯特海岸型, 构造-侵蚀作用较强, 风化剥蚀相对较弱, 喀斯特形态得以基本保存, 主要发育微小型峰丛洼地、溶孔、溶痕和溶隙等.
Abstract:The karst geomorphology is commonly developed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Previous researchers have studied on the regional karst geomorphology, runoff zone and genesis, but fewer on the overall summary of the types and development of karst geomorphology at different elevations. On the basis of systematical study and summarization, with referring to the literature, this paper concludes that there are obvious diversities in karst geomorphologic types and development characteristics in term of different elevations. The karst geomorphology in areas of very high altitude (≥ 5000 m) can be divided into the types of uplifted tectonic plateau mountain, inland lake basin, inland lake depression, inland plateau mountain, alpine glacial valley and plateau mountain bedrock, with intensive weathering and denudation, forming numerous residual peaks, stone columns, depressions, etc. The karst geomorphology in the high altitude areas(3500-5000 m) involves karst alpine valley, karst mid-high mountain lake, alpine glacial valley, uplift tectonic plateau mountain, inland lake basin and inland lake depression types, with intensive structural dissolution, mainly developed with macro needle karsts, peak cluster depressions, karst caves and funnels. The karsts with middle altitude(1000-3500 m) are in the geomorphologic types of karst alpine valley, karst mid-mountain lake, plateau mountain erosion residual peak, plateau mountain peak lake, inland lake depression and karst coast, with intensive structural erosion and weak weathering and denudation. The karst forms are basically preserved, mainly developing small peak cluster depressions, dissolved holes, dissolved marks and dissolved fissures. This study is expected to provide guidance and reference for the research of rational utilization of surface water resources, geological disaster control, geomorphology and landscape, as well as the major engineering construction in karst mountain areas of the plateau.
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Key words:
- karst geomorphic types /
- carbonate rock /
- altitude /
- Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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表 1 喀斯特地貌基本类型表
Table 1. Basic types of karst geomorphology
划分依据 基本类型 主要特征 埋藏条件 裸露型 岩层主要出露在地表低洼处，第四系覆盖层厚度不超过10 cm 浅覆盖型 岩层绝大部分被第四系覆盖，覆盖层不超过30 m 深覆盖型 岩层基本被第四系覆盖，厚度一般大于30 m，基本看不到喀斯特景观出露地表 埋藏型 可溶岩层被不可溶岩层覆盖，地表看不到喀斯特景观，地下水与地表水联系不大 形成时代 化石喀斯特 地下喀斯特空间已被全部充填，与现代地下水循环系统关系不密切 古岩喀斯特 喀斯特形成早于新生代，溶洞中填有新生代以前的沉积岩石 近代喀斯特 形成于新生代，洞隙是空洞的或者填有古近纪—第四纪沉积物 区域气候 寒带型 喀斯特发育强度小、规模小，地面被溶蚀成溶痕或浅洼地 温带型 地表发育强度较弱、规模较小，地下较发育，以溶洞、干谷、浅封闭洼地和喀斯特裂隙泉为主要形态 亚热带型 地表发育面积大，见地下溶洞、暗河 热带型 地表发育强度大、分布范围广，多见地下暗河、溶洞 干旱型 岩溶作用微弱，一般只有溶痕、干谷等形态 分布深度 浅岩溶 分布于垂直及水平循环带 深岩溶 分布于水平循环带以下 岩性 碳酸盐岩 分布最广，形成速度慢，常见峰林、溶洞、石林、石芽等 硫酸盐岩 形成速度快，常见膏盐角砾岩、溶孔、小洞穴、落水洞等 氯化物岩 形成速度快，常见塌陷、落水洞、蜂窝状溶孔、盐泉等 成因类型 溶蚀为主型 发育强度大，多见溶洞、暗河、峰林、天生桥 溶蚀－侵蚀 山高谷深、峡谷边坡极为陡立，甚至近于直立 溶蚀－构造 盆地周边沿断裂带山坡陡峻，有断层崖或三角面等痕迹遗留 
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表 2 中海拔区典型喀斯特地貌形态特征
Table 2. Characteristics of typical karst geomorphology in medium altitude areas
地区 高程/m 喀斯特地貌形态特征 甘肃武都 2000~2500 以峰丛洼地、石芽、溶洞、残余塔状石柱、红色风化壳为主 甘肃迭部 约2860 以残留石墙及塔状、柱状喀斯特为主 甘肃郎木寺 3200~4000 以石林式石芽、水平穿洞和洞穴、石墙、残留竖井、红色风化壳为主 甘肃白龙江流域马场和龙家沟地区 2200~3000 以峰丛、溶蚀洼地、溶沟、溶槽和溶洞为主 四川岷山、九寨沟 2100~3000 以裂隙、溶洞、岩溶泉、钙华为主
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表 3 高海拔区典型喀斯特地貌形态特征
Table 3. Characteristics of typical karst geomorphology in high altitude areas
地区 高程/m 岩溶地貌形态特征 川西高原巴塘地区 4100以上 以溶蚀节理、溶蚀裂隙为主 3700~4100 以溶蚀裂隙、构造型溶洞及岩溶泉为主 3300~3500 溶洞、岩溶管道不发育，主要分布岩溶泉 2900~3100 仅分布岩溶泉 藏东南怒江峡谷区 4000以上 以规模较大的溶蚀崖、溶蚀峰林为主 3500~4000 以溶洞、落水洞、暗河、溶蚀槽、钙华台为主 3500以下 以喀斯特裂隙和地表溶孔、小型溶沟、钙华堆积、岩溶泉为主 格聂山地区 4000~4200 以喀斯特洞穴、溶隙、岩溶泉群为主 3500~3600 以大中型溶洞、溶隙、岩溶泉为主 2900~3200 以大型喀斯特洞穴、溶隙、岩溶泉为主 察雅地区 4700~4900 以落水洞、溶隙、溶孔为主 4200~4600 以中小型溶洞、溶孔、溶蚀裂隙为主 3500~3700 以大型溶洞、溶隙为主；出露岩溶大泉 盐源盆地西侧 3000左右 以落水洞、伏流、漏斗以及红土风化壳为主 花石峡 4380左右 以干涸溶洞、裂隙、洼地、残留红色风化壳为主 定日东山 4300左右 以残留穿洞、洞穴、漏斗、洞穴和溶痕为主 定日西山 4300左右 以残留漏斗、洞穴和溶痕为主 拉萨西郊堆龙德庆 3700~4300 残余落水洞、残留溶洞、石柱、石芽、钙华堆积、溶沟为主 曲水 3750左右 以溶洞、石钟乳和针状钙华为主 玉树巴塘 3900左右 以残留灰岩柱、石墙、穿洞、残留厚层的红色风化壳为主 盘道地区 4000左右 石墙、石林式石芽、残峰、小型洞穴、小型石柱等 纳木错湖 4700左右 峰林、天生桥、穿洞、孤立石柱
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表 4 极高海拔区典型喀斯特地貌特征
Table 4. Characteristics of typical karst geomorphology in very high altitude areas
地区 高程/m 岩溶地貌形态特征 协格尔 4900以上 以残留塔状灰岩石峰、灰岩残丘、石墙、溶洞为主 斋如隆子流域的霍热拉喀一带 5000~5200 广泛发育溶蚀、冰蚀洼地、落水洞、角峰等 安多北山 4600~5125.7 混圆或塔状石峰、灰岩碎屑物质堆积、残留型石林式石芽、微型石芽为主 昆仑山 5000左右 以石峰、石林、残林、洞穴为主 北羌塘高原 5700~5800 峰林式残林、石墙
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